What are the commonalities

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What are the commonalities and differences between ideas of classical realism and those of neorealism?

What are the commonalities and differences between the ideas of post modernism and constructivism?

The Rational Model and the Bureaucratic/ Organizational Model are the two approaches to analyzing foreign policy and the decision making process. For each, choose a foreign policy issue related to China or other countries and try to use the approach to analyze it respectively.

Question Four [Essay]

In the last seven years many events have taken place: September 11th , US invasion of Iraq, China hosting

the Beijing Olympics, The Russia – GeorgiaConflict, the outbreak of the World Financial Crisis and the subsequent Multilateral Cooperation, North Korea's development of nuclear weapons etc. Please use the International Relations theories which you have learnt from this course to briefly discuss what impact on International Politics these events have brought about. As a result of these events what International Relation trends have emerged? Please use theory and facts to support your answer.

1、international regime

Rules, norms, procedures that are developed by states and international organizations out of their common concerns and are used to organize common activities.

2、absolute gains

Total benefit that accrue to a state as a consequence of its interactions with other states without regarding to the benefits that accrue to others.

3、Security Dilemma（安全困境）

Situation in which actions taken to ensure their own security (deploying military force) are perceived as threats to the security of other states.

4、Level of Analysis（层次分析法）

Direction or level from which different causes of international change emerge.

二简答题

1、How do Constructivists differ from Realists in understanding of anarchy?

To constructivists, anarchy is hat makes of it, whether the system is anarchic depends on the distribution of identities, not of the distributions of military capabilities, constructivists, unlike realists, believe that the way of responding to the anarchy determines how constraining it is on a system. States interact under conditions of anarchy. To realists, anarchy is a system of self-help ,in which states must act on their own narrow self-interest and search for relative power or gains in relation to other states.

2、国家权力的使用方式有哪些？

Using states power methods are diplomacy which is negotiations, economy which is positive and negative, and force, meaning compellence and deterrence.

三、论述题


How do Realists, Liberalists, Constructivists and Marxists explain the structure of the international system and its change？

Liberalist’s definition of structure of international system is determined by two factors: distribution of power and

international institutions. And the possibility of change is no radical change, incremental change. Realist’s definition is structured by the distribution of states/ power. And the possibility of change is slow change , when balance of power shifts. Marxist’s is hierarchical is highly stratified and is largely dominated by an international capitalist system. Constructivist is nothing explained by international structure alone.

Relative gain

in international relations, describes the actions of states only in respect to power balances and without regard to other factors, such as economics. In international relations, cooperation may be necessary to balance power, but concern for relative gains will limit that cooperation due to the low quality of information about other states' behavior and interests.

名词解释 1. 建构主义学派

建构主义分为激进的建构主义和温和建构主义两个派别。第一，国际关系结构主要是国际政治文化，而不是权力和制度；第二，国际政治的文化不仅影响行为体的行为，而更重要的是建构行为体的身份和利益。建构主义坚持整体主义，强调整体对个体的作用；在世界观上，承认物质性因素存在的同时，重视观念的作用，强调只有通过行为体自身观念才能产生影响行为的意义，才能具有实质性内容。建构主义理论从社会学角度考察世界政治，为国际关系研究开辟了一条新道路，重新设定了国际关系学的研究议程，把哲学和社会学问题引入了国际关系研究领域，开辟了国际关系理论的新局面。

2. 现实主义六原则

简答题

简述国际关系理论第一次大论战中两大学派的主要争论

简述传统主义学派与科学行为主义学派之间的分歧

1、科学行为主义注重国际关系的数量变化，把国际关系的一切活动看成是一个个参数和变量的总和，认为国际关系研究正趋于计量化；传统主义则注重国际关系的质量变化，把国际关系看成是一个历史进程，坚持传统的历史研究方法，反对计量化；

2、在具体方法上，科学行为主义学派强调数据的收集、整理和分析，注重于行为经验的实证研究；传统主义学派则强调历史事件的起因、经过、结果以及相互内在联系的研究，注重于历史与现实的规范研究，认为法律、哲学 、历史、伦理学仍是国际关系理论的基础； 3、科学行为主义主张将自然科学中的系统论、信息论和控制论原理引入国际关系的饿研究领域；传统主义坚持“利益”和“权力”在国际关系理论研究中的核心概念地位；

4、科学行为主义认为国家不再是国际关系的唯一参与者，应重视对非国家行为体的研究；传统主义认为国家即使不是唯一，但仍然是国际关系的基本行为主体和国际关系理论研究的主要对象；

5、科学行为主义提出在研究中应超越价值评估，进行纯粹的学术研究，研究的目标是发展抽象的、普遍的理论；传统主义认为重要的政治问题必然要涉及道德和伦理，从哲学和历史的观点来看，应注重应用研究和对公共政策的研究；

6、科学行为主义主张对国际关系进行跨学科的研究，从其他社会科学学科中吸取研究技术和理论概念；传统主义强调必须保持国际关系学科的特点和完整性。



论述题

试析新自由主义与新现象主义论战的主要内容 名词解释

霸权稳定论

1. 霸权意指一国有足够军事和经济力量，能够在很大程度上影响他国和非国家行为体的行为，并操纵国际体系的运作

2. 霸权稳定论是现实主义学派的分支，基欧汉为该理论奠定基础，70S以后莫德尔斯基和吉尔平将该理论扩展到军事、安全等领域。强调霸权国的存在有利于国际体系的稳定。

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