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社会学原著选读整理重点
The Founding Fathers of Modern Sociology Founding father: Auguste Comte
Division of sociology
Put sociology on the top of the hierarchy of sciences Method Contribution of
Durkheim: Rules of the Sociological Method(1895 ) Suicide(1897) Weber: Verstehen: standing in the place of Ideal type
Structural-functional theory（The basic assumption of structural functional theory: organic view, society-as-system）
Malinowski: “Argonauts of the Western Pacific”(1922 ), Kula ring ,level of system
Durkheim:“The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life”(1912) ,religion reinforces social solidarity
Weber: social act be studied at 2 levels Parsons:
The Structure of Social Action (1937), link meaning of Weber with organic view of Durkheim to a model of social interaction within cultural context
The Social System(1951), Parsonian theory ,Parsons attempted to develop a general analytic model suitable for analyzing all types of collectivities. Unlike the Marxists, who focused on social change, Parsons explored why societies are stable and functioning. Merton:
“manifest & latent functions”, “total system of theory and theories of the middle range”from “Social Theory and Social Structure”(1967) Davis and Moore(1945), “Some Principles of Stratification”
Conflict theory（Change rather than stability is the central characteristic of society）
Marx: class struggle “Manifesto of the Communist Party” Mills: “the power of elite” ------the ruling class in U.S.
The Promise of Sociology from “The Sociological Imagination”(1959) Dahrendorf: “class and class conflict industrial society”, revival of Marxist view, starting point of analyses in "sphere of production," the "relations of production," or "property relations," the conclusion: we are still living in a class society
Coser: “the function of social conflict”, Conflict within and between groups in a society can produce vitality, stimulate change.
Inter-actionist theory（People manipulate symbols and create their social worlds through interaction）
George Herbert Mead: “The self” from “Mind, self and society”(1934)
Erving Goffman: “The Presentation of Self” from “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life”(1959) 1、Socialization（社会化）：Socialization is the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a
particular culture
2、Erving Goffman: Presentation of the Self
dramaturgical approach—people in action resemble performers in theatrical stage .
impression management (印象整饰)—the individual learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and to satisfy particular audiences.
face-work—People often initiate some kind of face-saving behavior when feel embarrassed or rejected
3、Piaget's (1954) cognitive theory of development identifies four stages in the development of children's thought process.
1, sensorimotor stage (感觉动作阶段) – use senses to make discoveries
2, preoperational stage (运思预备阶段) – use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas.
3, concrete operational stage (具体运思阶段) – engage in more logical thinking.
4, formal operational stage (形式运思阶段) – capable of sophisticated abstract thought and can deal with ideas and values in a logical manner. 4、Two Forms of Theory-building （三段） What is a theory? （5、“理论”）A theory is a body of interrelated generalizations, based on empirical evidence, which describes the central characteristics of certain type of phenomenon
Two Forms of Theory-building：(1) Natural science model of theory， which begins with empirical findings and devises generalizations to describe systematic linkage among them；(2) Conceptual schemes ，which begins with symbols (concepts) -important aspects of subject matter and illustrates their logical relationships
Two Forms of Theory-building：Model (1) :Emphasize valid empirical prediction ；Model (2): Emphasize logical coherence and apparent accuracy 6、Social stratification（社会分层）：Hierarchy arrangement of classes，castes，and of groups in a society
7、Sociological imagination：
Sociological imagination is an awareness that allows people to comprehend the links between their immediate, personal social setting and the remote, impersonal social world that surrounds them and helps to shape them 8、Advantage and Disadvantage of the method employed by Durkheim： Advantage：first，it is still a convicting demonstration；second，his system effort to assemble and interpret relevant data represents an impressive start toward theory-building
Disadvantage：he only induced a theory，he did not test it. 9、manifest and latent functions Manifest：unrecognized Latent：apparent
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2022-04-09
