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峡中学习报 打造高效第二课堂 促进学生快乐成长
D 版
峡中学习报 打造高效第二课堂 促进学生快乐成长
英语周刊
第5期
高二版2010—2011学年
A 版
He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep.
He had no choice but to finish the job on time.
⑷.多个不定式并列由and或or连接,往往只保留第一个不定式符号
The teacher asked us to bring some food, wear more clothes and get there on time.
但在表示对比时不省略。
It is better to laugh than to cry.
⑸.口语交际Why not do „?
1.动词省略
动词在文中再次出现或有上下文限制时,为避免引起重复,只保留符号to来代替整个不定式。但be, have, have been需要保留。
She lied to us because she had to.
He hasn’t finished writing the report, but he ought to have. China is no longer what she used to be. 2.全部省略
当like和want在由when, whenever, what, whatever, as if等引导的状语从句中时,其后的不定式往往省略。
Come whenever you like (to come ) 三.不定式的主动形式表示被动含义 1. have表示“有”,作谓语,而且主语是动作的发出者。
I’ll go to Beijing tomorrow. I have a lot of things to take. Do you have anything to be taken? 2.不定式在形容词后作状语或在名词后作定语。 The room is comfortable to live in. There is nothing to worry about. 3. wh-to do 作宾语
I worked with students, so I know what to except. 4. with复合结构中
With all these jobs to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out. 5. There be句型中,主动、被动形式均可 There is a question to answer. / to be answered.
6. 不定式前加了for somebody 逻辑主语时,不定式用主动还是被动,取决于somebody是动作的发出者还是承受者。
There are many problems for us to deal with.
There are many reasons for the books to be published.
峡中学习报
XIAZHONGNXUEXIBAO
信箱fangxueliansnow@126.com
总编辑:方雪莲 指导老师: 史磊 高艳红 李江
美编 :史磊 高艳红 时间 : 2010年12月12日
非谓语动词专刊
一、非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点,切不可记住几个条条框框就去乱套,在解答非谓语动词的题目时,一定要保持头脑冷静,必须遵循以下解题思路: 1. 解析句子结构,确定设空在句子中充当的成分,如状语、定语、宾补„„ 2. 找准相关的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系,即主动还是被动; 3. 搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的适当形式;
4. 将该选项置于空中,看能否做到字从意顺,或传达有效信息,完成交际任务。 二、非谓语动词的变化形式
1. 不定式:不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语、插入语和同位语。
一般式:to do,表示与谓语动词同时或之后发生
完成式:to have done,表示发生在谓语动词动作之前 进行式:to be doing,表示同谓语动词动作同时发生
被动式:to be done / to have been done,表示其逻辑主语是不定式的承受者 否定式:not to do / not to have done
复合结构:for somebody to do / of somebody to do
2. 动名词:动名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语。
一般式:doing,表示与谓语动词动作同时发生或者习惯性、经常性的动作 完成式:having done,表示先于谓语动词的动作或状态
被动式:being done / having been done,表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者 否定式:not doing / not having done
复合结构:逻辑主语+动名词的各种变化形式
逻辑主语一般用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词(在口语中可使用名词
普通格或人称代词宾格)
3. 分词:分词可在句中作表语、主语、补足语、状语和插入语。 一般式:doing,表示与谓语动词动作同时发生
完成式:having done,表示发生在谓语动词动作之前 被动式:being done / done(过去分词),现在分词被动式表示动作的进行和主动;过
去分词表示动作的完成或被动
否定式:not doing / not having done
不求快,不求多,不间断
峡中学习报 打造高效第二课堂 促进学生快乐成长
峡中学习报 打造高效第二课堂 促进学生快乐成长
独立结构:逻辑主语(名词或代词)+分词的各种形式
然后我们来看各种非谓语动词形式中需要注意的问题。 一、 不定式和动名词充当的句子成分
3.作主语或表语 ⑴. 动名词表示抽象的、一般性的、习惯性的动作;不定式表示具体的、一次性的、
特指的动作。所以,主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, purpose, suggestion, mind 之类的名词或是以what引导的名词性从句,一般以不定式为表语;主语是ambition, habit, job, work之类的抽象名词,常用动名词作表语。 What surprised me most is to see him beaten black and blue. His job is looking after the light-house.
⑵. 不定式可放在it作形式主语的句子中,而动名词往往只用于It is +否定词(useless, no good, no use„)句型中。
It is a pleasure to help others.
It is no good doing nothing all day long. ⑶. There is no +动名词,表示不可能。
There is no telling what he is going to do. There is no joking about the matter.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
⑷. there to be 多用于作动词宾语,如expect, like, mean, intend ,want, prefer, hate 等。 I don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind. People don’t want there to be another war. 2. 作宾语
⑴.通常跟不定式作宾语的词:afford, agree, wish, hope, refuse, manage, ask, offer „
⑵. 通常跟动名词作宾语的词:admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, practice, imagine, miss, stand, involve„
短语搭配:devote to, object to, insist on, be busy /worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem (in)doing, have a good / wonderful /hard time (in),feel like, get down to „
⑶. 既能跟不定式又能跟动名词作宾语的词:
ⅰ. Want, need, require, deserve表示需要,在物作主语时。 The house needed cleaning.
to be cleaned.
ⅱ. Like, prefer, hate等表示情感的词,接不定式表示某次具体的动作,接动名词表示一般的倾向,故若句中有具体的时间状语或青苔动词should, would等,后往往接不定式。
I should like to see him tomorrow. ⅲ. Begin, start 主语指人时,可接不定式或动名词,但倘若主语是物,谓语动
词本身用进行时,与feel, realize, think, understand等表示“意识到,懂得”的词连用,在这三种情况下,后只接不定式。
It started to rain soon. The sun is starting to rise.
He began to realize his shortcoming.
ⅳ. Forget, remember, regret, stop to do 忘了/ 记得/遗憾 /停下来去干 doing忘记 /记得 /后悔/ 停止干过 try, attempt to do 尽力做„„
doing 试着做„„,尝试 mean to do 打算做„„ doing 意味着„„ go on to do 继续做另一件事 doing 继续做同一件事 can’t help to do 不能帮忙做„„ doing 禁不住做„„ 3. 作定语
现在分词作定语与修饰的中心词存在逻辑上的主谓关系,表示动作正在进行。 过去分词作定语与修饰的中心词存在逻辑上的动宾关系,表示动作被动完成。 动名词作定语多前置,表示所修饰中心词的用途,与所修饰词不构成主谓关系。 不定式作定语多后置,表示要做的事,即动作尚未发生。
The child standing over there is my brother. who is standing
Can you tell me where is the waiting room? the room for waiting We only sell used books. books which are used He said he had an important meeting to attend.
P:名词前有the first, second, last, next, only等词修饰时,多用不定式做后置定语。 在表示时间的词或wish, promise, plan 后也用不定式。 It’s time to go.
Do keep your promise to write to us.
He is the first person to come and the last one to leave. 4.作状语 (动名词不能做状语)
不定式多做目的状语,表示“为了„„”,用于in order to, so as to 原因状语 Nice to meet you.
结果状语,表示意料之外的结果,与only连用,only可省略。 They lifted a stone (only)to drop it on their own feet. 在形容词后作状语,构成adj. +enough +to do something 二.动词不定式的省略 1. 符号省略
⑴. 感官动词和使让动词后省略不定式符号to (一感二听三让四看半帮助)
I saw him sitting under the tree. He was seen sitting under the tree. I saw him go upstairs. He was seen to go upstairs.
I saw the problem settled. The problem was seen settled. ⑵.不定式作表语,而且前面主语部分含有实意动词do的某种形式 What he did was lose the game.
句中含有实意动词do ,but, except, besides, such as 后的to 可省。即前有do后无to,
前无do需加to。
不求快,不求多,不间断
峡中学习报 打造高效第二课堂 促进学生快乐成长
峡中学习报 打造高效第二课堂 促进学生快乐成长
⑶
不求快,不求多,不间断
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