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Literature Rivew on the Complex Adaptive System
Language has a fundamentally social function. Processes of human interaction along with domain-general cognitive processes shape the structure and knowledge of language. Recent research in the cognitive sciences has demonstrated that patterns of use strongly affect how language is acquired, is used, and changes. These processes are not independent of one another but are facets of the same complex adaptive system(CAS). Language as a CAS involves the following key features: The system consists of multiple agents (the speakers in the speech community) interacting with one another.
The system is adaptive; that is, speakers' behavior is based on their past interactions, and current and past interactions together feed forward into future behavior. A speaker's behavior is the consequence of competing factors ranging from perceptual constraints to social motivations. The structures of language emerge from interrelated patterns of experience, social interaction, and cognitive mechanisms. The CAS approach reveals commonalities in many areas of language research, including first and second language acquisition, historical linguistics, psycholinguistics, language evolution, and computational modeling.
Language has a fundamentally social function. Processes of human interaction along with domain-general cognitive processes shape the structure and knowledge of language. Recent research across a variety of disciplines in the cognitive sciences has demonstrated that patterns of use strongly affect how language is acquired, is structured, is organized in cognition, and changes over time. However, there is mounting evidence that processes of language acquisition, use,and change are not independent of one another but are facets of the same system. We argue that this system is best construed as a complex adaptive system(CAS). This system is radically different from the static system of grammatical principles characteristic of the widely held generativist approach. Instead, language as a CAS of dynamic usage and its experience involves the following key features: (a) The system consists of multiple agents (the speakers in the speech community) interacting with one another (b) The system is adaptive; that is,speakers' behavior is based on their past interactions, and current and past interactions together feed forward into future behavior. (c) A speaker's behavior is the consequence of competing factors ranging from perceptual mechanics to social motivations. (d) The structures of language emerge from interrelated patterns of experience, social interaction, and cognitive processes.
The advantage of viewing language as a CAS is that it allows us to provide a unified account of seemingly unrelated linguistic phenomena (Holland, 1995,1998; Holland, Gong, Minett, Ke, & Wang, 2005). These phenomena include the following: variation at all levels of linguistic organization; the probabilistic nature of linguistic behavior; continuous change within agents and across speech communities; the emergence of grammatical regularities from the interaction of agents in language use; and stagelike transitions due to underlying nonlinear processes. We outline how the CAS approach reveals commonalities in many areas of language research, including cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, first and second language acquisition,
psycholinguistics, historical linguistics, and language evolution. Finally, we indicate how the CAS approach.
provides new directions for future research involving converging evidence from multiple methods, including corpus analysis, crosslinguistic comparisons, anthropological and historical studies of grammaticalization, psychological and neuroscience experimentation, and computational modeling.
Language is shaped by human cognitive abilities such as categorization, sequential processing, and planning. However, it is more than their simple product.Such cognitive abilities do not require language; if we had only those abilities,we would not need to talk. Language is used for human social interaction, and so its origins and capacities are dependent on its role in our social life (Croft,2009; Tomasello, 2008). To understand how language has evolved in the human lineage and why it has the properties we can observe today, we need to look at the combined effect of many interacting constraints, including the structure of thought processes, perceptual and motor biases, cognitive limitations, and socio-pragmatic factors (Christiansen & Chater, 2008; Clark, 1996).
Primate species are particularly socially interactive mammals, but humans appear to have emphasized this type of social interaction to an even greater extent. This means that language evolved in the context of an already highly interactive social existence. This intensive interaction suggests that the evolution of language cannot be understood outside of a social context. Language plays a fundamental role in human society and culture, providing the central means by which cultural knowledge is transmitted, elaborated, and reformed over time. Culture itself is at least partly to be understood as a reflection of what humans find interesting and important, which in turn reflects a complex interplay of both cvolved biological biascs (e.g., we find pleasure in satiating biological desires) as well as cultural biases (e.g., styles of clothing, etc.). Thus,both language and culture are emergent phenomena of an increasingly complex social existence.
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2022-04-16
