英国工业革命

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工业革命有时又称产业革命（近年来一些学者认为这两个概念之间有区别），指资本主义工业化的早期历程，即资本主义生产完成了从工场手工业向机器大工业过渡的阶段。是以机器取代人力，以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命。



有人认为工业革命在1750年左右已经开始，但直到1830年，它还没有真正蓬勃地展开。大多数观点认为，工业革命发源于英格兰中部地区。18世纪中叶，英国人瓦特改良蒸汽机之后，由一系列技术革命引起了从手工劳动向动力机器生产转变的重大飞跃。随后传播到英格兰到整个欧洲大陆，19世纪传播到北美地区。

工业革命是资本主义经济发展的客观要求所决定的。（1）资产阶级革命废除了封建制度，消除了不利于资本主义发展的种种束缚，为工业革命创造了重要的政治前提；（2）消除农业中的封建制度和小农经济，为资本主义大工业的发展提供了充分的劳动力和国内市场；（表现在英国即圈地运动）（3）资本主义原始积累过程，提供了资本主义大工业所必需的大批自由劳动力和巨额的货币资本（殖民）；（4）资本主义工场手工业长期的发展，为大机器生产的出现准备了技术条件。



一般认为，蒸汽机、焦炭、铁和钢是促成工业革命技术加速发展的四项主要因素。

在瓦特改进蒸汽机之前，整个生产所需动力依靠人力和畜力。伴随蒸汽机的发明和改进，工厂不再依河或溪流而建，很多以前依赖人力与手工完成的工作自蒸汽机发明后被机械化生产取代。工业革命是一般政治革命不可比拟的巨大变革，其影响涉及人类社会生活的各个方面，使人类社会发生了巨大的变革，对人类的现代化进程推动起到不可替代的作用,把人类推向了崭新的蒸汽时代。

The Industrial Revolution was a time of dramatic change, from hand tools and handmade items, to products which were msass produced by machines. Workers became more productive, and since more items were manufactured, prices dropped, making exclusive and hard to make items available to the poor and not only the rich and elite. Life generally improved, but the industrial revolution also proved harmful. Pollution increased, working conditions were harmful, and capitalists employed women and young children, making them work long and hard hours. The industrial revolution was a time for change. For the better, or for the worse






15. Why the Industrial Revolution Started in



There were several reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in France, the other great powers of the day. In the first place, Britain hance the larger enterprises. England's supremacy on the seas had encourahad been amassing wealth through their commerce and industry. The newly s not the aristocratic group, but merchants and businessmen who were wilindustry and scientific agriculture. The wealth of France, on the other s of the nobility, and they were not willing to do the necessary work toond place, Great Britain had undertaken very early the manufacturing of l products for which there would be ever-growing demand from the people,



ass. On the other hard, France produced articles in the luxury class. Th in quantities because they demanded individuality. England was the prodced in quantities, and if she could find a cheaper means of producing tho she was ready for methods that would make it possible to manufacture iird place, for a long time England had large numbers of semiskilled workroke down in England and the manors were turned to sheep raising, numberowns. There they engaged in weaving, making shows, wood carving and manyoped skills. When the industrial revolution began, these men were availaachines. Moreover they were free men who could move from place to place e. This had not been the case in France, which was still chiefly an agris bound to their masters in many ways so they could not easily move to te, coal was abundant in Great Britain, and a large amount of this cheap the factories. There was coal in northern France, too, but France was labecause really everyone depended directly or indirectly on farming for h

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