11 Technical Description TP[9页]

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Chapter 11

Technical Description专业性描述



To describe is to create a mental picture. The purpose of a technical description is to help the reader form an accurate mental image of the thing being described. A technical description can be a part of a larger piece of writing (such as a user manual or a research report); it can also be the primary goal of the writing. A technical description usually describes an object (such as an atom), a mechanism (such as an engine), a place (such as a construction site), or a process (such as the operation of a computer). These descriptions often follow a two-part structure:

1) An introduction that includes either an overview of the description or a statement of the

focus of the description.

2) A part-by-part description of what is being described.

I. Introduction of Technical Description

The introduction of a technical description provides any information the reader might need in order to understand the description. Most readers will need some or all of the following information:

• Definition of the object to be described • Overview of the description including function, uses, special features, etc.对描述的概述，

包括功能、用法、特性等等。 • Purpose (of a mechanism) • Location (of a place) • The physical characteristics (of an object) including size, shape, weight, color, and

material, etc.



Figure11-1 Example of an Introduction of Technical Description

1A microscope is an instrument used for viewing small objects, especially objects that are too small

to be seen by the unaided eye. 2It is an important tool of science because it is widely used in examining small specimens such as bacteria, cells and crystals in metals, etc. 3Microscopes can be generally classified into three categories: optical or light microscopes光学显微镜, electron microscopes电子显微镜, and scanning probe microscopes扫描显微镜. 4This article mainly discusses optical microscopes.

In this example, the first sentence provides a definition of a microscope which includes its purpose, and the rest of the sentences serve as the overview of the description. The second sentence describes its uses. The third sentence gives a classification of microscopes according to their features; and the fourth sentence states the range of description in this article.



II. Part-by-Part Description分部分描述

The major section of a description is the part-by-part description of the object. That means you



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should divide the description into its parts and arrange them in a logical order. The first task for writing this section is to choose a method of organization. There are generally three ways to organize the part-by-part description: functional organization, spatial organization, and chronological organization.

1. Functional Organization按功能组织信息

Functional organization describes how something works. If you organize a description functionally, you would likely describe a mechanism according to how it works按照工作原理描述一个机械装置. Figure 11-2 provides a functional organization description of a microscope.

Figure 11-2 Functional Organization Description

The optical microscope (often referred to as the light microscope) is the oldest and simplest of the microscopes. The simplest optical microscope is a magnifying glass, a convex lens that bends or refracts the light rays from the object to produce an enlarged image一个凸球面镜，它可以折射来自物体的光线以产生一个放大图像. A compound microscope consists mainly of two lenses: an objective lens物镜 and an eyepiece 目镜(also called the ocular lens). The objective lens is a high-powered magnifying glass—a lens with a very short focal length物镜式高倍放大镜，—个焦距很短的透镜. It can be brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes to a focus inside the microscope tube. 可以把它移动到离检验标本很近的位置，从而使来自于标本的光线在显微镜筒中聚焦。This creates an enlarged image of the subject. The ocular lens then magnifies this image, producing an even larger image.这样会产生一个放大的标本影像。目镜对这一影像进行放大，从而产生一个更大的影像。



In describing how something works, it is important to find a suitable starting point and arrange the description in a logical order that the reader can easily understand. In the description of the microscope, the author follows a general-to-specific order. The author describes the general working principle of the simplest optical microscope first, and then a compound microscope in more detail.

2. Spatial Organization按照空间位置组织信息

Spatial organization (also called static description静态描述) describes the appearance, layout, structure or organization of something. If you organize a technical description spatially, you should first divide the object into its parts, and then describe them from one part to another. You might describe the object from left to right (or right to left), from top to bottom (or bottom to top), or from inside to outside (or outside to inside). Which order of description you choose depends on how well it can be understood by the intended reader. Figure 11-3 provides a spatial organization description of a microscope.

Figure 11-3 Spatial Organization Description按照空间位置进行组织描述

Optical microscopes generally consist of three parts: the tube, the arm and the foot镜筒、镜臂和镜座. The foot is the base on which the arm stands. The arm is the upright support that holds the tube. The tube contains the lenses for magnification.镜座是支持镜臂的基础。镜臂式镜筒的垂直支柱。镜筒中装有进行放大的透镜。

The arm is hinged to the U-shaped foot so that it may be tilted to allow the viewing angle to be adjusted. The arm consists of a stage, a mirror and two adjustment knobs. The stage is a platform on



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which the specimen is placed. The mirror, fixed under the stage, reflects light through an opening in the stage to illuminate the specimen. On the upper part of the arm is a course-adjustment knob, which is used to focus the microscope by moving the tube within the arm. On the lower part of the arm is a fine-adjustment knob, which moves the tube a small distance for final focusing of a high-power lens.镜臂铰链在U型镜座上，以便镜臂能够倾斜以调整观察角度。镜臂由一个镜台、一个反光镜和两个调节钮组成。镜台式一个放置标本的平台。反光镜安装在镜台下面，通过镜台上的一个小孔（通光孔）用反射光照亮标本。镜臂的上部是粗调节旋钮，通过移动镜臂内的镜筒使显微镜聚焦。镜臂下部是细调节旋钮，对镜筒距离进行细微调节，以便对高倍镜进行最后聚焦。

The tube is mainly composed of two parts: the upper part and the lower part. The upper end of the tube holds the eyepiece (or ocular lens). The lower part of the tube holds the objective lens. In most cases, two or more objective lenses of different power are mounted on a revolving nosepiece that can be rotated to bring the desired lens into place. 镜筒主要包括两个部分：上部和下部。目镜安装在镜筒的顶端，物镜安装在镜筒的下部。在多数情况下，两个或多个不同倍数的物镜安装在一个换镜旋座上，通过旋转来调换所需要的物镜



This description follows the general-to-specific and outside-to-inside order. The first paragraph describes generally how many major parts a microscope has and how they are connected to each other. The second paragraph is more specific in describing the mechanical parts on the arm. The third paragraph further describes the structure of the tube that is held by the arm.

3. Chronological Organization按照时间先后顺序组织信息

The term “chronological” means “arranged in order of time of occurrence”. Chronological organization describes an object or mechanism step by step according to the time order. Chronological organization is used when a writer needs to describe an object or mechanism in the order in which it is assembled or operated. In this sense it is also called an “instructional” or “operational” description使用或操作描述. Figure 11-5 provides a chronological organization description of a microscope.

Figure 11-4 Chronological Organization Description

A microscope is an expensive and delicate instrument that should be handled with care. To prepare a microscope for use, turn the nosepiece so that the objective lens with the lowest power is in the viewing position. Next, lower the tube by turning the coarse-adjustment knob until the objective lens is just above the opening in the stage. Finally, look through the eyepiece and adjust the mirror so that a bright circle of light appears in the eyepiece. The microscope is now ready for use.准备使用显微镜时，首先旋转物镜转换器，使最低倍数的物镜处于观察位置。接着，通过转动粗调节钮使镜筒下降，直到物镜正好位于镜台的通光孔上方。最后，通过目镜观看，并调节反光镜，使一个明亮的光环出现在目镜里。此时，显微镜已经准备好可以使用了。

To prepare specimens for viewing, make sure that the specimens are transparent, or have been made transparent, so that light can shine through them. Place the specimen to be viewed on a glass slide that measures 76 mm long and 25 mm wide.在准备观察标本时，确认标本时透明的，或者把标本做成透明的，以便光线能够透过标本。把观察的标本放在一个76毫米长、25毫米宽的玻片上。

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