论文框架结构

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1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Research Focus

1.3 Overall Research Aim and Individual Research Objectives 1.4 Value of this Research 2. Literature review 2.1 tourism

Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades since the beginning of reform and opening. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and an easing of restrictions on movement by the Chinese authorities are both fueling this travel boom. China has become one of the world's most-watched and hottest inbound and outbound tourist markets. The world is on the cusp of a sustained Chinese tourism boom.[1]

China is the third most visited country in the world. The number of overseas tourists was 55.98 million in 2010.[2] Foreign exchange income was 45.8 billion U.S. dollars, the world's fourth largest in 2010. The number of domestic tourist visits totaled 1.61 billion, with a total income of 777.1 billion yuan.[1]

According to the WTO, in 2020, China will become the largest tourist country and among the largest for overseas travel. In terms of total outbound travel spending, China is expected to be the fastest growing in the world from 2006 to 2015, jumping into the number two slot for total travel spending by 2015.[1]

China's growing economy is also generating a surge in business travel. In China the percentage of sales dependent on business travel is higher (38%) as compared to the US (21%) and 28% in the UK, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council's 2013 business travel forecast for the Asia-Pacific region.[3] China's tourism revenue reached $185 billion in 2009.[

China has become a major tourist destination following its reform and opening to the world in the late 1970s instigated by Deng Xiaoping. In 1978, China received about 230,000 international foreign tourists, mostly because of the severe limitations that


the government placed on who was allowed to visit the country and who was not.[5] In 2006 China received 49.6 million international visitors, making it the fourth most-visited country in the world.[6] In 2007 international tourist arrivals to China increased to 54.7 million. 2.2 tourism translation

2.3 translation of scenic spots introduction丁大刚。 2.4 tourists’ psychology 3. Theoretic framework 3.1 Reiss, Vermeer, mattari, Nord; 3.2 function of the scenic spots introduction 3.3 characteristics of scenic spots introduction

3.3.1 Characteristics of scenic spots introduction in Chinese 3.3.2 Characteristics of scenic spots introduction in English 3.4 functional approaches to translation of scenic spots introduction 3.5 procedure of tourism translation 3.5.1 Analysis of source text 3.5.2 Transfer 3.5.3 Restructure

4. Translation errors and problems in scenic spots introduction 4.1 Translation errors 4.1.1 Linguistic errors 4.1.2 Syntactic errors 4.1.3 Cultural errors 4.1.4 Pragmatic errors

4.2 source of translation errors and problems 4.2.1 Lack of responsibility

4.2.2 Misunderstanding of source texts 4.2.3 Bilingual and bicultural incompetence 4.2.4 Ignorance of tourists’ psychology

5. Translation strategies: functional approaches

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