写作体裁分析法

2022-08-10 17:49:13 文档大全网 [ 字体：小中大 ] [ 阅读： ]

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分析法,体裁,写作
短文写作体裁分析法

本文所谈的体裁分析法是指根据段落提纲(而不是作文题目)的内容来确定每一个段落所属体裁，再按照该体裁的写作特点来对这一段落进行写作的一种方法。大学英语四、六级写作体裁主要有说明文、论说文和描述文。在三段式的大学英语四、六级写作中，同一种体裁或多种体裁的写作都有发生，但大多数是多种体裁的混合写作。下面各举一例用于说明。例1How I Finance My College Education(2000年1月的四级作文题）

(1) 上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过多种途径解决（向朋友、亲戚借，申请助学金或个人赞助)。

(2）哪种途径适合于我(说明理由)。

从所给的中文提纲来分析，第一段是写解决上大学费用的途径，这说明本段的体裁是说明文。作者可采用列举法，在此段中罗列几种途径即可。第二段写适合于“我”的途径的理由，说明本段的体裁也是说明文。作者也只需要列举几个理由来说明自己的选择便可。请看范文：

According to a recent survey by China Daily, every college student now has to pay 5,000 to 6,000 yuan, not including the other fees, for their higher education every year. For many students who come from the poor families, the tuitions and fees are a heavy financial burden.

Many ways have been suggested to solve the problem. For example, before going to the university, the poor students themselves can borrow some money from their relatives and friends if possible. When in university, they can apply to the department concerned for grant-in-aid, or to the special bank for a four-year-term interest loan. At the same time, they can take a part-time job to support themselves. And the university can offer a list of the students in bad need of financial support to the public through media to ask for help from individuals and communities organs. Among the above-listed approaches, I consider “taking a part-time job”as the best solution. I am energetic, hard-working, and I am not afraid of losing face if I take a part-time job to support myself. By taking one or two part-time jobs, such as waiting on tables in the university dinning halls, or selling goods for companies, or tutoring in families, I can earn 400 to 500 yuan each month. The monthly income is enough for me. With a fixed income I may earn from part-time jobs and with a little financial support somewhere else, I am confident that I can finance my college education. （陆丹云,《大学英语四级写作精讲》，华东理工大学出版社，2002，p.128 ）此范文共三段。第二段和第三段是根据提纲来写的，使用的体裁都是说明文。第一段是一个引言段，其内容是用目前高校收费的数额来说明贫困生难支付学杂费的情况，从体裁来讲，此段也属说明文。因此，这篇短文,无论从段落提纲还是从范文内容来看，三个段落都

采用的是同一体裁(即说明文)的写作方法。

例2Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus（1997年6月的四级写作题） (1）大学生了解社会的必要性

(2）了解社会的途径(大众媒体，社会服务等) (3）我打算怎么做

从所给的中文提纲来分析，第一段要求写“„„必要性”，这说明本段的体裁是论说文;第二段要求写 “„„途径”，说明本段的体裁为说明文；而第三段要求写“„„怎么做”,说明本段要求写的是描述文。毫无疑问，此作文题是一个需要使用三种体裁来完成写作的题目。范文如下：

With the rapid development of our society, the campus is no longer an“Ivory Tower”, and social awareness has become increasingly necessary for college students. Students must get in touch with the world outside the campus so that they can adapt themselves to the society more quickly when they graduate.

There are several ways for the students to be exposed to the outside world. They may keep themselves informed by TV, radio broadcasts and newspapers. They may also directly go into the society by taking up part-time jobs such as distributors, home tutors and etc. All these can help the students to know more about the society. As one of the college students, I intend to make some social investigations in the coming summer vacation. Since I come from a small city in the north part of China, I would take the advantage of the vocation to visit several factories to learn about their conditions and also learn what kinds of graduates they need. After that I would adjust my study and try to learn more what the society needs. (裘雯, 《CET-4英语写作套路与练习》，上海交通大学出版社，2002, p.225 )

运用体裁分析法进行写作，关键的是我们首先要熟悉这三种体裁的写作特点。否则，写作便无法进行。现结合第二例作文题的三个提纲，简述一下这三种体裁的写作特点。 (1) 议论文的写作特点是要有论点和论据，而且往往要从正反两方面来论述。例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路是：大学生了解社会的好处(从正面论述)，大学生不了解社会的坏处(从反面论述)，所以大学生要了解社会(结论)。范文中虽然只有正面论述，但暗含了反面论述。

(2)说明文的写作特点是从几方面或用几条来说明一个问题，如同某一物件的说明书一样,通过1)、2)、3) 点来说明它的功能、用途等。语言简洁明了，不具有感情色彩。就以上作文而言，我们只要从大众媒体、社会服务等几个方面来说明怎样去了解社会便可。 (3)描述文的特点是用语言描绘一幅人物(外表、言行或思想)、事物、环境、地点、或景色的图画，再注入作者的感情，给读者留下深刻的印象。上面题目的第三段就是以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。跟以上作文的前两段相比，第三段的主语多为人称代词“I”，它要与第二段相呼应进行描述。

总之，体裁分析法是一种比较容易的短文写作方法。写作者只要掌握了各种体裁的写作特点，并能够准确把握短文中每个段落提纲所属体裁，就能较好地进行短文写作。