英语英译汉翻译6段

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White-Collar Crime

白领犯罪

1 when the public demands “law and order”, and when newspaper editorials talk about the “rising tide of crime”, they have in mind mostly street crime committed be the poor. Even the massive report of the president’s crime commission, the challenge of crime in a free society, devoted only two pages to the entire subject of white –collar offenders and business crimes.

当市民们诉求“法律和秩序”时，当报纸社论谈及“犯罪上升潮”时，他们认为大部分的街道犯罪主要是穷人们引发的。在总统所作的大量关于社会犯罪的报告中，如：“自由社会里面临的犯罪挑战”里仅有两页是专门谈及白领犯罪和商业犯罪的。

The deep concern with street crime is understandable. Unlike a swindler, who merely takes the victim’s money, an armed mugger threatens physical injury and even death. Yet the fact remains that a great deal of crime in American society—perhaps most crime, and certainly the most costly crime–is committed by respectable middle-class and upper-class citizens.

对街头犯罪的深切关注是可以理解的。这不像一个仅仅拿走受害人钱财的骗子，武装劫匪毕竟会威胁人身伤害，甚至死亡。但事实仍然是：在美国社会里大量的犯罪，或许是大多数的犯罪，同时也是代价最高的犯罪，它被受人尊敬的中产阶级和上层阶级公民所引发的。

The term “white-collar crime” was first used by Edwin Sutherland in an address to the American sociological association in 1939. “White-collar crime,” he declared, “may be defined approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his occupation”. Sutherland documented the existence of this form of crime with a study of the careers of 70 large, reputable corporations, which together had committed 980 violations of the criminal law, or average of 14 convictions apiece. 1939年，“白领犯罪”一词在美国社会学协会被埃德温·萨瑟兰首次使用，他宣称：“白领犯罪可能被近似定义为：具有很好名声和很高社会地位的人在他的职业生涯里所犯的罪行”。萨瑟兰犯罪档案显示存在这样一种犯罪事实：通过研究70个大公司，这些声誉很好的公司一共有980次违法犯罪，或者平均每个公司有14人被定罪的记录。

Behind the offense of false advertising, unfair labor practices, restraint of trade, price-fixing agreements, stock manipulation copyright infringement, and outright swindles, were perfectly respectable middle-class executives. sociologists now use the term “white –collar crime ”to refer not only to crimes committed in the course of business activities for corporate benefit but also to crimes , such as embezzlement, typically committed by persons of high status for personal benefit.

在谴责虚假广告，不公平的劳动就业，贸易壁垒，价格操纵协议，股价操纵、侵犯版权以及公然诈骗等行为的背后，完全是受人尊敬的中产阶级高管们。

社会学家现在使用的“白领犯罪”一词指：不仅指在公司经营活动过程中损害其利益的犯罪行为，还包括高职务人群为私人利益而实施的犯罪行为，如贪污。

2 As Sutherland pointed out, the full extent of white-collar crime is difficult to assess. Many corporate malpractices go undetected, and many wealthy people are able to commit crimes like expense-account fraud for years without being found out.

正如萨瑟兰指出的那样，白领犯罪的充分程度是很难估量的。许多企业舞弊很难被发现，许多富人都能够确保类似于费用报销单欺诈这样的犯罪行为在很多年里不被人发现。

More important, white-collar crimes are usually regarded as somehow less serious than the crimes of the


lower class, and attract less attention from police and prosecutors. Even the victims may be unwilling to prosecute because of the offender’s “standing in the community” and trying to settle the matter out of court.

更重要的是，和下层社会的罪行相比，白领犯罪通常被认为无足轻重，警察和检察官对此也漠然。受害者甚至可能因为对方的社会地位而不愿诉诸法律，转而通过法庭外的途径加以解决。

A company that finds its safe has been burgled in the night will immediately summon the police, but it might not do so if it finds that one of its executives has embezzled some of its funds. To avoid unwelcome publicity, the company official may simply allow the offender to resign after making an arrangement to repay the missing money.

当公司察觉到有人在夜间入室行窃时，他将会立即报警；可如果它发现部份公司高管挪用公款时，他就不会这么做了。该公司官员可能只是让罪犯承诺偿还丢失的钱财后立即辞职，以此来避免出现有损公司形象的言论。

3 On the whole, American society is remarkably tolerant of white-collar crime. A pickpocket who steals $100 may well go to prison, but imprisonment of a person evading payment of a similar sum in taxes is almost unheard of; indeed, tax evasion has to reach huge sums before the internal revenue service refers the matter to the FBI rather than settling it privately. The main reason for this tolerance seems to be that most white-collar crime involves large, impersonal organizations: there is little feeling that a specific individual has been unjustly victimized.

整体而言，美国社会对白领犯罪是非常宽容的。一个偷了100美元的扒手很可能被送进监狱，但因逃避等值金额的税款而被押的人却是闻所未闻；的确，当逃税金额达到一定值后，国税局将把问题交由联邦调查局去处理，而不是私下去解决。宽容的主要原因似乎是大多数白领犯罪涉及数量巨大的非个人组织机构：这多少给人一种当事人受到不公正待遇的感觉

Thus, many people who would never dream of stealing items from a private home are quite willing to take “souvenirs” such as ashtrays, towels sheets from hotels. In fact, about one hotel guest in three steals something from his or her hotel room, amounting to a total annual loss of over $500 million. In commercial activity as well, we accept a certain mount of deception as being normal, the most striking examples of this tolerance of deceit may be found in the field of advertising. As one writer points out： 因此，许多人从来没有想过从一个私人住宅偷取物品，但却很乐意从酒店里带走烟灰缸、毛巾、床单这样的“纪念品”。事实上，一个旅客从酒店房间进行3次行窃，将会导致每年超过5亿美金的损失。在商业活动中也类似，我们把一定的欺诈当成平常之事，最突出的例子可以从广告业中发现。正如一位作家指出的那样：

Modern mass advertising at its heart represents a kind of deception and misrepresentation…the long term effect of advertising is to encourage an attitude to engage in fraudulent practices and to accept such practices…at all social levels of our society….mass advertising promotes a philosophy of behavior and of man’s nature which can’t help but exert indirect influence on the value patterns and dominant activities of our society.

现代大众广告本质上代表一种欺骗和歪曲,广告的长期效应是鼓励欺诈行为，并默许这种行为。在社会的各个层面....大众广告引导着人们的行为哲学和人性本质，也间接影响着人们的价值观和社会的主流活动。

4 Because most white-collar crime is unreported and therefore unrecorded, its total economic impact is difficult to ascertain. Even when it is detected, the cost is not easily measured. How do we evaluate the social and economic cost of illegal pollution of air and water, of the use of false advertising, or of a major

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