【#文档大全网# 导语】以下是®文档大全网的小编为您整理的《用英文介绍中国的历史文化》，欢迎阅读！
用英文介绍中国的历史文化（有中文翻译）
Area: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 sq km). Population (2004 est.): 1,298,848,000. Capital: Beijing. The Han, or ethnic Chinese, form more than nine-tenths of the population. Languages: dialects of Han Chinese, Mandarin being the most important. Religions: Buddhism, Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Daoism (all legally sanctioned). Currency: renminbi (of which the unit is the yuan). China has several topographic regions. The southwestern area contains the Plateau of Tibet, which averages more than 13,000 ft (4,000 m) above sea level; its central area, averaging more than 16,000 ft (5,000 m) in elevation, is called "the Roof of the World." Higher yet are the border ranges, the Kunlun Mountains to the north and the Himalayas to the south. China's northwestern region stretches from Afghanistan to the northeastern Manchurian Plain. The Tien Shan ("Celestial Mountains") separate China's two major interior basins, the Tarim Basin (containing the Takla Makan Desert) and the Junggar Basin. The Mongolian Plateau contains the southernmost part of the Gobi Desert. The lowlands of the eastern region include the Sichuan Basin, which runs along the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). The eastern region is divided into northern and southern parts by the Yangtze. The Tarim is the major river in the northwest. China's smallest watershed, in the southwest, provides headwaters for the Brahmaputra, Salween, and Irrawaddy rivers. Its many other rivers include the Xi, Sungari (Songhua), Zhu (Pearl), and Lancang, which becomes the Mekong in Southeast Asia. The discovery of Peking man in 1927 (see Zhoukoudian) dates the advent of early hominids to the Paleolithic Period. Chinese civilization probably spread from the Huang He (Yellow River) valley, where it existed с 3000 BC. The first dynasty for which there is definite historical material is the Shang (с 17th century BC), which had a writing system and a calendar. The Zhou, a subject state of the Shang, overthrew its Shang rulers in the 11th century and ruled until the 3rd century BC. Daoism and Confucianism were founded in this era. A time of conflict, called the Warring States period, lasted from the 5th century until 221 BC. Subsequently the Qin (Ch'in) dynasty (from whose name China is derived) was established, after its rulers had conquered rival states and created a unified empire. The Han dynasty was established in 206 BC and ruled until AD 220. A time of turbulence followed, and Chinese reunification was not achieved until the Sui dynasty was established in 581. After the founding of the Song dynasty in 960, the capital was moved to the south because of northern invasions. In 1279 this dynasty was overthrown and Mongol (Yuan) domination began. During this time Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan. The Ming dynasty followed the period of Mongol rule and lasted from 1368 to 1644, cultivating antiforeign feelings to the point that China closed itself off from the rest of the world. Peoples from Manchuria overran China in 1644 and established the Qing (Manchu) dynasty. Ever-increasing incursions by Western and Japanese interests led in the 19th century to the Opium Wars, the Taiping Rebellion, and the Sino-Japanese War, all of which weakened the Manchu. The dynasty fell in 1911, and a republic was proclaimed in 1912 by Sun Yat-sen. The power struggles of warlords weakened the republic. Under Chiang Kai-shek, some national unification was achieved in the 1920s, but Chiang soon broke with the communists, who then formed their own armies. Japan invaded northern China in 1937; its occupation lasted until 1945 (see Manchukuo). The communists gained support after the Long March (1934?C35), in which Mao Zedong emerged as their leader. Upon Japan's surrender at the end of World War II, a fierce civil war began; in 1949 the Nationalists fled to Taiwan, and the communists proclaimed the People's Republic of China. The communists undertook extensive reforms, but pragmatic policies alternated with periods of revolutionary upheaval, most notably in the Great Leap Forward and the
Cultural Revolution. The anarchy, terror, and economic paralysis of the latter led, after Mao's death in 1976, to a turn to moderation under Deng Xiaoping, who undertook economic reforms and renewed China's ties to the West. The government established diplomatic relations with the U.S. in 1979. Since the late 1970s the economy has been moving from central planning and state-run industries to a mixture of state-owned and private enterprises in manufacturing and services, in the process growing dramatically and transforming Chinese society. The Tiananmen Square incident in 1989 was a challenge to an otherwise increasingly stable political environment after 1980. In 1997 Hong Kong reverted to Chinese rule, as did Macau in 1999. 中国 [China] 正式名称中华人民共和国。
> 位于北半球，亚洲东部，太平洋西岸。陆地面积约960万平方千米，仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大，居世界第3位。陆地疆界长2万多千米。接壤的国家有朝鲜、俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸、老挝和越南。大陆海岸线长约1.8万千米。与韩国、日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、文莱和印度尼西亚隔海相望。领土北至黑龙江主航道中心线，南到曾母暗沙，最东端在黑龙江及其支流乌苏里江汇合处，最西端在新疆西境帕米尔高原喀拉湖东岸。共跨5个时区(东五区到东九区)。中国在渤海、黄海、东海和南海中有5,000个以上的岛、礁、沙和滩，其海岸线总长度约 1.4万千米。其中以台湾岛最大，面积35,780平方千米；海南岛次之，面积32,200平方千米；群岛有庙岛群岛、长山群岛、舟山群岛、钓鱼岛列岛以及南海诸岛等。中国行政区划按盛自治区、直辖市、特别行政区划分。省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市，县、自治县分为乡、民族乡、镇。至2004年，共设有北京、天津、上海和重庆4个中央直辖市，河北、山西、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、山东、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、海南、陕西、甘肃、青海、四川、贵州、云南和台湾23个省，内蒙古自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、宁夏回族自治区、广西壮族自治区和西藏自治区5个自治区，以及香港和澳门2个特别行政区。中国人口13亿(2004)，是世界人口最多的国家。人口分布不均衡，主要集中于沿海地区。中国共有汉、壮、满、回、苗、维吾尔、彝、土家、蒙古、藏等56个民族。其中汉族占91.9％，主要分布在平原和沿海地区，少数民族主要集聚于东北、西北、西南省区。主要宗教为道教、佛教、伊斯兰教、基督教等。中国是社会主义国家，首都在北京。国家权力机关是全国和地方各级人民代表大会；国家设立国家主席和副主席、中央军事委员会；国务院和地方各级人民政府是国家权力的执行机关；全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关，全国人大和全国人大常务委员会行使立法权；国务院为最高国家行政机关，实行总理负责制。中央军事委员会为中国最高军事机构，领导中国人民解放军、中国人民武装警察部队、民兵等。中国地貌格局由中生代燕山运动奠定。在新生代喜马拉雅运动中，印度板块和太平洋板块分别从西南部和东部俯冲到欧亚板块之下，形成现在的高原、盆地、山系交错的基本地貌格局。地势西高东低，呈三级阶梯状分布。青藏高原是第一阶梯，海拔在4,000～5,000米以上，素有“世界屋脊”之称。中国、尼泊尔边界的喜马拉雅山主峰珠穆朗玛峰海拔8,848.13米，是世界最高峰。第二阶梯由一系列海拔1,000～2,000米的高原和盆地组成。再向东到海滨是第三阶梯，由低山丘陵和平原组成。境内地貌以山地和高原为主，约占总面积的66％，平原约占12％。在纬度、海陆位置、大气环流和地形制约下，中国气候可分为东部季风区、西北部内陆干旱区、青藏高原高寒区。其中西南季风、东南季风、高原季风影响明显。基本上表现为冬季寒冷干燥，夏季高温多雨，年降水量由东南沿海向西北内陆递减。西北干旱区冬寒夏热，年降水量几乎都在400毫米以下。青藏高原高寒区风大而干燥，日照强，多冰川和积雪分布。中国江河众多，河流总长43万千米。流域面积100平方千米的河流有5万多条，其中长江、黄河分别为中国的第一、第二大河，京杭运河为著名的人工河。西北多内流河，如塔里木河。中国有2,800多个面积在1平方千米以上的湖泊，其中青海湖
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2023-01-18
