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名词复数变化
1. 一般情况下加s map —maps 2. s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -es 3. 以y结尾的名词,变复数时
bus—buses 【stomach(胃)---stomachs;epoch(新时期)---epochs】 a. 以辅音字母+y, 变y 为i 加es baby—babies
b. 专有名词或元音字母+y, 直接加s two Marys, monkeys 【Dry禁酒论者---drys , standby 后备人员---standbys】
a. 加s, photo—photos
b. 加es,Negro, hero, potato, tomato, volcano, tornado, torpedo, veto, mosquito,
4. 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时
5. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时 a. 去f或fe 加ves,half—halves
b. 加s,gulf/cliff/roof/grief chief/belief/proof/safe +S
6. 名词复数的不规则变化
a. man—men woman—women child—children foot—feet tooth—teeth goose—geese mouse—mice louse - lice ox - oxen
b. an Englishman—two Englishmen. 【但German-Germans,human-humans】 **c. 外来名词:criterion—criteria(标准);phenomenon—phenomena(现象);analysis—analyses(分析);basis—bases(基础);crisis—crises(危机);
thesis—theses(论文);bacterium—bacteria(细菌);Medium –media(媒介物);
7. 单复 同形 名词 8. 集 体 名 词
deer, sheep, fish, shark, giraffe, buffalo, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Swedish, Danish, means, series,
species, aircraft, staff, li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin除了中国度量衡和货币之外,美元,英镑,法郎等都有复数形式。the English, the Chinese,表示国民总称时,谓语用复数。【-ese, -ish结尾的国家人单复同形。】 2 pieces of fish 2 fish 2 pieces of glass penny(便士)
2 fishes 2 pairs of glasses Pennies(个数)
2 glasses pence (价值)
A单数类集体名词:
意思为复数,但谓语用单数humanity 人类clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 机械mankind 人类equipment 设备jewelry 珠宝poetry 诗baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器
B复数类集体名词:以单数形式出现,但实为复数,谓语用复数。 faculty, poultry, folk, people, police等本身就是复数,谓语动词复数。不能说 a people和a police,但可以说a person和a policeman 【a people–two peoples】
C单复同形类集体名词谓语单复数由意思决定army; audience; bacteria; cast; class, committee; community; company; council; crew; data; enemy; family; flock; gang; government; group; herd; jury; media; navy; opposition; police; press; public; staff ; team; youth 单数:My family is big family. 复数:His family are all music lovers.
9. 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
10. -表示由两部分构成的东西
-以ing结尾的词
a. maths,politics,physics学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 d. 某些疾病mumps 腮腺炎 measles 麻疹 e. 活动名称billiards /cards /darts
如:glasses, trousers, clothes, slippers 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair; suit, a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers。谓语单复数取决于数量词pair单复数。 belongings; surroundings; doings; earnings; findings; savings;;
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-其他复数
11. 复合名词的复数
contents; arms; fireworks; wages; forces; remains; valuables; stairs; sweets a. 由man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式前后都变复数 Woman teacher—women teachers
b. 中间无连字号也没间隔的复合名词变复数,将最后一个名词变复数 housewife—housewives; greenhouse—greenhouse
c. 中间有连字符号或间隔的复合名词,将主要的词变成复数 passer-by—passers-by; mother-in-law—mothers-in-law
d. 复合名词中的单词没有名词时,则在最后一个单词的词尾+s go-between—go-betweens, has-been—has-beens (过时的人或物) thanks to; give regards to; take pains; with best wishes; have words with; in high spirits; in all directions; shake hands with sb; make preparations for; make friends with; congratulations (to sb) on (doing) sth
12. 用复数的固定词组
常见的不可数名词有:
--物质/材料:air; beancurd; beef; blood; bread; butter; chalk; chicken; chocolate; cloth; coal; coffee; corn; cream; daylight; cotton; dirt; dust; energy; cheese; fibre; fog; food; fruit; flesh; four; glass; gold; grain; grass; hair; honey; iron; kerosene; lightning; meat; milk; money; moustache; mud; music; mutton; hay; oxygen; paper; pork; porridge; powder; rain; ice; rubbish; salt; sauce; silver; steam; steel; storage; sugar; sunrise; sweat; thirst; thunder; water; wheat; wind; wood; wool; soap; vinegar; wine; soup;
baggage; clothing; furniture; luggage; jewelry; equipment; electricity; homework; --抽象:time; noise; information; knowledge; progress; trouble; fun; courage; luck;patience;poverty; wealth;traffic;waste; quality; advice; attention; business; citizenship; danger; darkness; death; depth; damage; comfort; education; disappointment; experience(经验); freedom; future, goodness, graduation; grammar; happiness; health; hunger; imagination; importance; justice; kindness; luck; measure; labour; humor; permission; pressure; practice; pleasure; population; sickness; smoking; sorrow; starvation; treatment; truth; use; willingness; wisdom; weather; work; housework; pollution; ****【牢记以下纯不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用:weather, fun, 太空), advice, word=news, progress, ............space(....................................information, news】 ................
不可数名词也可以直接加-s等表示复数,但它的意义也有所变化,用来指一些具体的事物。
--Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) --These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
--This factory produces steel. 这个工厂生产钢铁。(不可数) --We need various steels. 我们需要各种钢材。(可数) --Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数) --Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。(可数) water(水) - waters(水域), sea(海) - seas(海域)
sand(沙子) - sands(沙漠) wood(木头) - woods(树林)
damage(毁坏) - damages(赔偿金) good(好处) - goods(货物) time(时间) - times(时代)
custom(风俗) - customs(海关) minute(分钟) - minutes(记录) manner(态度) - manners(礼貌)
exercise(锻炼) - exercises(体操、练习) paper(纸) - papers(文件)
advice(建议) - advices(通知) force(力量) - forces(军队)
return(回来) - returns(统计表) green(绿色) - greens(青菜) light(光) - lights(灯) iron(铁) - irons(熨斗)
glass(玻璃) - glasses(玻璃杯)
freedom (自由) -four freedoms (特指“四大自由”) necessity(必要性) - necessities(生活必需品)
modernization (现代化) - the four modernizations (特指“四个现代化”) spirit(精神) - in high spirits(情绪) custom(习俗) - customs(海关)
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