语言学十套题名词解释

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Test1

narrow transcription:the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

Negative transfer 负迁移is the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning, and relates to the experience with one set of events could hurt performance on related tasks

Complementary distribution is the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in an environment where the other segment never occurs. set of environments.

Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.

inflectional affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case. polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses.

pragmatics studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation which is usually a conversation

illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

complementary antonymy:互补反义关系------- members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely

Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. Test2

Argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate,[ and in this regard, the complement is a closely related concept.

General linguistic the study of the structure and development of language in general

Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A syntactic category :is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics.

"Derivational affixes" serve to alter the meaning of a word by building on a base.

Context The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.

converse antonymy反向反义关系-------: a special kind of antonymy in that members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,

bilingual : able to speak and understand two languages， using or expressed in two languages

co-hponym : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms

applied linguistics' refers to a broad range of activities which involve solving some language-related problem or addressing some language-related concern. Test3

descriptive and prescriptive :A linguistic study is “descriptive” if it only describes and analyses the facts of language, and “prescriptive” if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” languag


e behavior. Diacritics（发音符号/辨音符）: the set of symbols in IPA, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do

A bound root:is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.unlike free root ,itis bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words

grammatical relations (= grammatical functions, grammatical roles, syntactic functions) refer to functional relationships between constituents in a clause.

selectional restrictions.The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules

speech act theory meaning that holds that the meaning of linguistic expressions can be explained in terms of the rules governing their use in performing various speech acts

Gradable antonymy 等级反义关系------member of this kind are gradable. Some antonyms are gradable because they are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, so it is a matter of degree.

standard language : The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions

Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.

Equivalence, when applied to the issue of translation, is an abstract concept and actually refers to the equivalence relationship between the source text and the target text

Test4

synchronic analysis is one that views linguistic phenomena only at some point of time time, usually the present,

Diachronic:which regards a phenomenon in terms of developments through time.

Langue Parole :langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. Complementary distribution is the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in an environment where the other segment never occurs. set of environments.

locutionary act is the act of uttering words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax lexicon and phonology. illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of,or the change brought about the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something

Semantic broadening:when the meaning of a word becomes broader,it may include the meanings it used to mean,and then more

a lingua franca the use of the English language "as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages"


Grammatical marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word, phrase, or sentence. LAN

Displacement移位 it means that language can be used to symbolize objects, events and concepts in the past,present，or future or in far-away places, that is language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Test5

Language transfer is a common phenomenon in the language learning. Language transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired.

Connotation:whatever is suggested beyond what is said ;the emotion or affective component of a linguistic expression

entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B)

Dialect:a form of language of a language spoken in a particular geographical area or by members of a particular social class or occupational group ,distinguished by its vocabulary,grammar and pronunciation

The critical period hypothesis(CPH) states that there is a period during which language acquisition is easy and complete and beyond which it is difficult and typically incomplete. (form the Second Language Acquisition ).

Creole language, a stable, full-fledged language that originated from a mixture of two or more languages

Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rask's-Grimm's rule), named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the 1st millennium BC.

Semantic change, also known as semantic shift or semantic progression describes the evolution of word usage

Cooperative Principle Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”

IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergone a number of revisions.

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