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Unit 1. Famous Universities Passage A. The University of Oxford
[1] The University of Oxford is the oldest university in Britain and one of the world's most famous institutions of higher learning, established during the 1100s. It is located in Oxford, England, about 80 kilometers northwest of London.
牛津大学是英国最古老的大学，也是世界上最著名的高等学府之一，始建于公元1100年代。它位于英国牛津，在伦敦西北约80公里处。
[2] Oxford is very competitive: more than 19 000 people applied for around 3200 undergraduate places for entry in 2016, which means that Oxford receives, on average, nearly 6 applications for each available place. 40% of the total student body — over 9 300 students — is citizens of foreign countries. Students come to Oxford from over 140 countries and territories. There are 38 Oxford colleges plus six permanent private halls, which are similar to colleges except that they tend to be smaller, and were founded by various religious groups.
牛津大学的竞争非常激烈：2016年有超过19000人申请了约3200个本科入学名额，这意味着牛津大学平均每个入学名额都会收到近6份申请。学生总数的40%—9300多名学生—是外国公民。来自140多个国家和地区的学生来到牛津。牛津大学共有38所学院，外加6个永久性的私人大学堂，它们与大学相似，只不过规模较小，而且是由不同的宗教团体创立的。
[3] At Oxford, each college is a corporate body distinct from the university and is governed by its own head and fellows. Most fellows are college instructors called tutors, and the rest are university professors and lecturers. Each college manages its own buildings and property, elects its own fellows, and selects and admits its own
undergraduate students. The university provides some libraries, laboratories, and other facilities, but the colleges take primary responsibility for the teaching and well-being of their students.
牛津的每个学院都是独立于大学的实体，由该学院的院长和管委会成员负责管理。绝大多数管委会成员都是被称为导师的学院教师其余的是大学教授和讲师。每个学院管理自己的房产和资产，选举自己的管委会，遴选和招收自己的本科生。大学提供一些图书馆、实验室和其他设施，但教学和学生生活主要由各学院负责。
[4] The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. The first degree in the arts or sciences is the Bachelor of Arts with honors. Oxford also grants higher degrees, diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of subjects.
学位由大学而不是各个学院授予。最低文科或理科学位是优等文学学士。牛津还在其他众多学科领域授予更高的学位、文凭和证书。
[5] Each student at Oxford is assigned to a tutor, who supervises the student's program of study, primarily through tutorials. Tutorials are weekly meetings of one or two students with their tutor. Students may see other tutors for specialized instruction. They may also attend lectures given by university teachers. Students choose which lectures to attend on the basis of their own special interests and on the advice of their tutors.
牛津大学给每个学生指定一名导师，主要通过辅导监督学生的学习。辅导课是一两名学生每周与导师的会面。学生如需专业指导，还可以去约见其他导师，也可以选听大学教书讲授的课程。学生选听什么课程是根据自己的兴趣和导师的建议而定的。
[6] There are numerous prizes awarded each year to both undergraduate and postgraduate
students to recognize outstanding achievements. Prizes are also awarded annually by the Examiners to
undergraduate students to recognize outstanding performance in examinations. For instance, The Rebecca West Prize for Writing is open to all students at the University of Oxford.
每年都有许多奖项颁发给本科生和研究生，以表彰他们的杰出成就。考试机构每年也会办法奖项给本科生以表彰他们在考试中的优异表现。例如，丽贝卡·韦斯特写作奖对牛津大学的所有学生开放
[7] Today, Oxford is a modern, research-driven university. Its prowess in the sciences is particularly noteworthy:
Oxford has been ranked number one in the world for medicine for five years running by The Times Higher
Education Supplement (2011-16). Oxford is also ranked in the top six globally in engineering, life sciences, social sciences and the arts and humanities.
如今，牛津大学是一所现代化的、研究型的大学。它在科学领域的实力尤其值得注意：牛津大学已经连续五年(2011-16年)在《泰晤士报高等教育增刊》发布的医学领域排名中位居第一。牛津大学在工程、生命科学、社会科学、艺术和人文学科中排名全球前六。
[8] The university's reputation in research, education, and engagement are underpinned by an innovative and holistic digital capability. This will support the significance, capacity, and impact of the university's research, the variety and distinction of the learning, teaching and student experience that it provides, and will inform its present strategic priorities of interdisciplinary scholarship and global reach.
牛津大学在研究、教育和参与方面的声誉是由一种创新而全面的数字能力支撑的。这将支持大学研究的意义、能力和影响，它所提供的学习、教学和学生体验的多样性和卓越性，并将渗透当前的战略重点：跨学科学术和全球影响力。
[9] The university will sustain and enhance its excellence in scholarship by embracing the opportunities afforded by digital technologies. The digital strategy will enable it to maintain a position of leadership by providing a
foundation for the trans-formative enhancement of research, teaching and innovation through digital technologies and communications. Effective digital communications will also ensure that this digital shift benefits society on a national and a global scale.
牛津大学将利用数码科技提供的机会，保持并提升其卓越的学术水平。数字战略将使它能够通过数码技术和通讯，为革新性的研究、教学和创新提供基础，从而保持领导地位。有效的数字通讯也将确保这种数字化转变在全国和全球范围内造福社会。
[10] Oxford, Stanford and Yale Universities have recently become partners in a joint “distance learning” venture, the Alliance for Lifelong Learning, which provides online courses in the arts and sciences.
牛津、斯坦福和耶鲁3所大学最近合作开发了“远程学习”项目“终身学习联盟”，该项目提供文科和理科的在线课程。
[11] The University of Oxford aims to lead the world in research and education. It seeks to do this in ways which benefit society on a national and a global scale. Oxford will build on the university's long traditions of independent scholarship and academic freedom while fostering a culture in which innovation plays an important role.
牛津大学的目标是引领全球的研究和教育。他们寻求以在国家和全球范围内造福社会的方式来实现这一目标。牛津大学将把学术独立和学术自由的悠久传统发扬光大，同时培养以创新为重的文化。
[12] In support of this aim the university will provide the facilities and support for its staff to pursue innovative research by responding to developments in the intellectual environment and society at large; and promote challenging and rigorous teaching which benefits from a fruitful interaction with the research environment, facilitating the exchange of ideas through tutorials and small-group learning and exploiting the university's
resources in its libraries, museums, and scientific collections, to equip its graduates to play their part at a national and international level. (713 words)
为实现这一目标，学校将针对知识环境和整个社会发展的需要，为员工提供进行创新研究所需的设施和支持；提倡既富革新精神又严格认真的教学，使教学和研究环境卓有成效地互动，使辅导课指导和小组学习中的想法得以交流；开发学校图书馆、博物馆和科学收藏方面的资源，为毕业生能在国内和国际一展身手打下基础。
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2023-01-07
