句子成分和基本句型

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句子成分,句型,基本
句子成分

一、句子成分的定义。

构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。二、各个成分的定义和表现形式

1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，强调动作

的发出者。常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

Knowledge comes from practice.

位置：陈述句中主语一般置于句首；祈使句中主语通常被省略；疑问句和倒装句中，一般在助动词、情态动词和位于之后。

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often plant trees in Spring. Two were absent from class.

To protect trees is everybody’s duty. It is necessary for us to learn English. Smoking is not a good habit. The rich should help the poor. What he said is quite true.

2. 谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。常由动词及动词短语充当，位于主语

之后。谓语有各种时态和语态。 We study English.

We should serve the people heart and soul. He is a doctor.

The sun rises in the east.

We are going to call on him tonight.

3. 宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或分词、不定

式、动名词、宾语从句充当。一般位于及物动词或介词之后。 He gave his life for the good of the people. (动宾) （介宾） Can you give me a hand?

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.

They helped the old with their housework yesterday. We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately. I hope to see you again.

I don’t mind your closing the door at all. I want to know what he said. 宾语的种类：

直接宾语：表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。

间接宾语：表示动作所向或所为的人，通常指人。Give sb. sth = give sth to sb.

复合宾语：有些动词除了跟有宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语与宾语补足语一起叫做复合宾语。 They elected him their monitor.

I found the baby always happy.

I find it easy to answer this question.

4. 补语；分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。宾补：说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征。主补：当我们把带有宾补的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，宾语补足语就成为了主语补足语。

We found the story quite interesting. The story was found quite interesting.

常用名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、副词等表示。 We consider him an excellent teacher. They painted the boat white. I found everything in good order.

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 注意：在see, have, let, make, watch, notice, hear, observe等动词后的宾语补足语用不定时，不可加to.但变为被动语态时，to还原。 We saw her entering the room.

I raised my voice to make myself heard by other people. Please let him in.

5. 表语：用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态等。位于系动词之后。系动词：1) 表示人或事物的特征和状态，常是感官系动词：be, look, seem, appear, feel, smell, sound, taste等。

2）表示变化的：become, fall, go, get, grow, turn

3)表示某种状态的延续或保持；keep, remain, continue, stay, lie, stand等 Unity is strength.

The sentence doesn’t sound right. The film is moving.

The patient is out of danger.

6. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句，通常由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、名词所有格、不定式、分词、副词或从句充当。 China has many high mountains. Our classroom is clean and bright. There are two books on the desk. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

You should follow the doctor’s advice and so more exercises. I have something to say at the meeting. Do you need a walking stick?

There is some exciting news in today’s newspaper. America is one of the developed countries. The climate here doesn’t agree with me. I will remember the day when I first met her.

7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词或从句充当。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步、程度、比较或伴随情况等。 I’m terribly sorry for it.

He arrived at the airport at 6 o’clock. I’m glad to see you.

He is in the room making a model plane.

Encouraged by the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well. She went to bed, cold and hungry. She ran a mile.

Once you begin, you must continue. 状语的种类c

When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. Since you are busy, I won’t trouble you.

As long as you work hard, you can make rapid progress in English. Where there is water, there is life.

She put the eggs into the basket with great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him. She works very hard though she is old.

They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story. The more I speak English, the better I’ll be. 句子的基本结构

1. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 The weather is very cold. 2. 主语 + 不及物动词 Winter is coming.

3. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 She knows what to do nest.

4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 He teaches us chemistry.

下列动词后带有间接宾语时，其前面往往用介 “to”表方向：give, show, send, bring, pass, lend, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, teach, promise, owe等。

下列动词带有间接宾语时，其前面往往可以用介词 “for”表目的：make, buy, get, paint, save, order, find, serve等。

5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 We must keep the room clean. 这样的动词有：keep, find, watch, see, observe, have, let, make, elect, think，ask, tell, request, prefer, persuade, permit等。