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英语长难句分析100句
在MBA联考英语试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有60分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山以上。毫不夸张地说，把这两部分做好，在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢？关键要通过大量的练习，增强阅读英文句子、尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多，但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”。
下面就近年试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来，分析它们的结构，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议，希望广大同学能从中得到一些启发。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [句子主干]
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… [语法难点]
本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是（which was）representing… ，另一个是(which was)detached…。
可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 [句子翻译]
对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 [翻译技巧]
实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。
2．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [句子主干]
Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… [语法难点]
1）有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）”。
2）that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth
结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。 [句子翻译]
像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。 [翻译技巧]
同样是为了避开定语从句，将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模。
3．Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. " [句子主干]
Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…” [语法难点]
有省略。1）like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句，considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾，较短的置于句首，为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2）like分句中出现了比较多的省略，补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。 [句子翻译]
罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。 [翻译技巧]
如果严格地翻译，like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”，原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工，应该用诗人来对应，但这样一来，就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
4．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. [句子主干]
Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances… [语法难点]
主语是some of these causes，实际的主语就是some，不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构，意为“属于”。 [句子翻译]
在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。
[翻译技巧] 这个翻译比较简单，注意being to的翻译即可。
5．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. [句子主干] This trend began during …, when…,that… [语法难点]
1）有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干，关键是确定句子的主语和谓语，只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。
2）When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句，第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句，wants前省略了which，是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。 [句子翻译]
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 [翻译技巧]
此句中短语较多。come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地
6．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[句子主干] This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but… [语法难点] 注意not…but句型，意为“不是……而是……” [句子翻译]
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。 [翻译技巧]
严格说来，not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”，但这样就显得罗嗦，所 以译为“与……无关”，但（另一些有关）。a amount of指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。 7．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. [句子主干]
However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects [语法难点]
so made指“如此构成”，so和后面的that构成so…that结构，意为“如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to指“可以（或不可以）……”。 [句子翻译]
然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。 [翻译技巧]
be so made that意为“如…构成”，不符合汉语表达习惯，所以译为“就是如此”。 in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……
8．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. [句子主干]
New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to… [语法难点]
有并列从句。1)主语较为复杂，为并列结构，分别是new forms和new subjects，中间用as well as连接。
2）as在这里引导了一个介词结构（as they have in the past），have的宾语省略了，其内容与本句主语一致。
3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句，省略了which are。 [句子翻译]
同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。 [翻译技巧]
as well as 和，以及/give rise to给……以机会
9．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. [句子主干]
For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without… [语法难点]
插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句，其核心结构为Rights means…，只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分，“a 54－years old…cancer”为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。 [句子翻译]
对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去，而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。 [翻译技巧]
同位语从句在汉语中很少出现，对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一样恐惧”，表示非常恐惧。
10．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. [句子主干]
Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except… [语法难点]
有省略现象。traveling不是现在分词，而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了“主语＋be动词”的结构，这样显得句子简洁。 [句子翻译]
独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受伤了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
[翻译技巧]
直译的话，应该说人们“没有其他地方，只有……”可得到帮助，但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解，这里根据句意，译为“只能向……求助”就比较准确了。“turn”的用法比较灵活，意思很多，这里依据上下文，译为“向……求助”。
11．We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an
aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [句子主干]
We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive… [语法难点]
实际是简单句。此句句子虽长，但是结构并不复杂，可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开，个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are，是因为在这个从句中主语是use，而不是substances，这一点要注意分辨。 [句子翻译]
在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗：服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼，喝酒来应酬，早晨和咖啡来提神，吸烟镇定情绪等。 [翻译技巧]
该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧，很有文学性，我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应，而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是“安静”的意思，而是“镇静”的意思。
12．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [句子主干]
Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by… [语法难点]
有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语，修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ，所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句，而是与之并列的结构。 [句子翻译]
依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。 [翻译技巧]
有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了，其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。
13．But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. [句子主干]
But he talked as well about …, and he announced that… [语法难点]
该句没有从句结构，而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。 [句子翻译]
但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准 [翻译技巧]
虽然没有从句结构，但是由于句子太长，有众多的修饰成分，所以建议还是拆为两句较
好。
14．Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. [句子主干]
Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before [语法难点]
有省略。close to分句是非限定性定语从句，省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明，是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并无定规。之所以用rising，是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was，这样显得简洁得多。 [句子翻译]
七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%，接近30年来最低水平，今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%，比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。 [翻译技巧]
the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
15．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [句子主干]
Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have … [语法难点]
主句用现在完成时have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注，现在也在关注，是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。 [句子翻译]
特别让经济学家感到诧异的是，英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果，因为传统的分析方法表明，两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。 [翻译技巧]
favorable表示的是“非常好的”，不是“非常喜欢的”，与个人取向没有关系。productive slack是“生产滑坡”的意思。
16．Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. [句子主干]
Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is… [语法难点]
有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单，而because引导的原因状语从句中，又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中，主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰，而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。 [句子翻译]
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
[翻译技巧]
agree为“约定的”意思，agreed account直译为“约定的看法”，意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外，将不定代词具体化，也更符合汉语习惯。
17．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. [句子主干]
Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of… [语法难点]
该句仍为主从复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。 [句子翻译]
有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。 [翻译技巧]
要正确选择contract的词义，不要译成从此“收缩，缩小”。argue不要译成“争论”，而要灵活处理成“论证说”。
18．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
[句子主干]
It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with… [语法难点]
有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分，后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中，主语是animals，谓语是should be treated，either… or…引导两个介词短语作状语，either引导的介词短语中，humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。 [句子翻译]
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 [翻译技巧]
it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”，at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句，更合乎汉语习惯。
19．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. [句子主干]
Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this… [语法难点]
有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语，作状语，里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语，逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。 [句子翻译]
这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
[翻译技巧]
in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”，不要把respect 译成“尊重”；extremists为极端主义者；let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内，不关乎道德”。 20．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. [句子主干]
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be… [语法难点]
以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里，时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为，主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句，作instinct的定语。 [句子翻译]
这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。 [翻译技巧]
将that，it等代词具体化，使译文表达明确；reasoning不能译成“原因”，而应译为“推理，推论”；in action不能译成“在行动中”，而译成“在起作用”，action在此是“作用，性能”的意思；翻译被动语态时，使用“得到”，“遭到”等，使译文流畅自然。
21．The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [句子主干]
The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but… [语法难点]
有插入语。for example是个插入结构，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…结构，是“如此……以至于”的意思。 [句子翻译]
以阿斯旺大坝为例，它挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙，几乎不能用于发电了。 [翻译技巧]
the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是“换回来的全部则是”。
22．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. [句子主干]
The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not … [语法难点]
有套和从句。the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。 [句子翻译]
问题在于，近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果，因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。
[翻译技巧]
part of the recent acceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”，而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商业周期”。
23．New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. [句子主干]
New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and… [语法难点]
有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构，可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看，除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。 [句子翻译]
组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施，还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。 [翻译技巧]
all that译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。
24．His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. [句子主干]
His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving… [语法难点]
有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。 [句子翻译]
他的同时迈克尔·比尔说，为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组，降低了成本，但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。 [翻译技巧]
far too many译为“太多的（比实际需要）”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为“以简单机械的方式”。chop out译为“削减”。
25．A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. 【解释】：句中的人名做插入语，谓语动词approve所接宾语有一个定语从句修饰，形容词
illegal做the hunting补语。 【翻译】：议会工党成员，Mike Foster先生正竭力使议会通过一项新的法律，这项新的法律
规定带着猎狗去捕杀野生动物是违法的。
26．Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it
the envy of many other Third World countries. 【解释】：谓语says 后面是省略了that 的宾语从句；an achievement是对这个宾语从句的补
充说明；that引导的定语从句修饰achievement一词。 【翻译】：马丁说自1990年以来，这个数字可能降得还要低一些，巴西降低人口增长的成就
成为很多第三世界国家的羡慕对象。 27．In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. 【解释】：这是一个并列句，分句二省略了谓语pattern和宾语play。在修饰这个并列句的状语In societies…中，where引导的定语从句修饰societies一词。 【翻译】：他们的社会角色在社会中被严格地规定下来，男孩按照父亲扮演的角色行事，女孩做母亲做过的事情。
28．Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected. 【解释】：by which 引导的定语从句修饰means ，该从句中的 such as individual freedom,是对values 的举例说明，这些举例说明造成了从句的谓语分隔。 【翻译】：竞争不仅是好事，而且是维护美国人其他一些基本的价值观念和个人自由、机会平等和勤奋工作等价值观的手段。
29．The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. 【解释】：that引导的定语从句修饰conditions和climate，从句中的it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to devise … to read。 【翻译】：教学的作用就是提供各种条件，创造一种氛围，使得孩子们有可能用最有效的方法自己教育自己阅读。
30．It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. 【解释】：本句的真正主语是并列的不定式结构：to distinguish…和to separate…，it是形式主语；两个that引导两个并列的定语从句，分别修饰其前的those。 【翻译】：区别有机物与周围环境，以及把作用于有机物上的力分为内部的和生物的与外部的和环境的，这样做似乎非常容易。 31．Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption（设想）that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. 【解释】：who引导的定语从句修饰those；that引导的定语从句修饰assumption。and on the high cost…前面省略了base their…。 【翻译】：那些反对建造公寓的人将其主张基于以下设想：人们更喜欢住带花园的个人私宅，而且公寓的单元造价很高。 32．But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of he middle-class reader,
of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. 【解释】：than后的代词 it指代worry，前后都是同等结构，而problem分别带了两个介词短语decline和unwillingness，句末的非限制性定语从句仍修饰problem。 【翻译】：但我今天担忧的不是美国人最基本的认字问题，而是另外一个更奢华的问题，即美国中产阶层读者阅读艺术的衰退，他们不愿意给自己留出安静的空间，呆在家里，花费时间专注地阅读，这是围绕着古典阅读技巧形象的问题。
33．In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. 【解释】：本句有两个并列谓语reexposed和was astonished to；第一个that引导的是find的宾语从句；第二个that引导的是定语从句，修饰mice，请注意这个定语从句造成了宾语从句中的主语mice和谓语died的分隔。 【翻译】：为了消除老鼠对甜物的厌恶，Ader又将老鼠暴露在糖精面前，这一次却没有给它们注射药剂，他惊讶地发现，在前面的试验中食入大量甜物的老鼠死掉了。
34．Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. 【解释】：students should contribute to是宾语从句；something…是对从句的补充说明；that引导的定语从句修饰something一词。 【翻译】：多数学院认为，学生应当交纳学费，这是一桩在世界其他地方很普通，在英国却标志着一场革命的事情。
35．Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. 【解释】：that引导的定语从句修饰sounds；该从句中又含了一个within which引导的定语从句，修饰programming。 【翻译】：最后广告人员还运用各种方法使广告节目的声音不同于其它节目的声音。
36．Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. 【解释】：破折号内的插入语进一步说明prices，并造成主谓分隔；who引导的定语从句修饰visitors。 【翻译】：比欧洲和亚洲30%—70%的零售价格吸引了约4700万的游客已于1994年涌入美国，而这些游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收入。
37．And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.
【解释】：第一个that引导的定语从句修饰investments；第二个that引导的定语从句修饰skills；rather than后面省略focused。
【翻译】：培训工人的有限投资还仅限于用于即将做的工作特殊技巧的培训，而不是用于对
工人基本技术的培训，而这种培训才可能提高工人接受新技术的能力。
38．In book promotions, the "unauthorized" characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. 【解释】：that引导的定语从句修饰gossip。 【翻译】：推销书时，未经授权的传记往往意味着读者有可能从中读到传主不希望公之于众的、绘声绘色的内幕故事。
39．In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. 【解释】：environmentalists argue是插入语，which引导的定语从句修饰extent。 【翻译】：保护环境主义者们说，从长远的观点看，核能浪费宝贵的资源，破坏生态平衡，甚至导致人类的毁灭。
40．We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. 【解释】：where引导的定语从句修饰situation，该从句中有两个由and连接的并列谓语：will have … and may have…；which引导的定语从句修饰views。 【翻译】：我们将会面对这样一种局面，很多这些词典的使用者们都有着鲜明的社会文化背景，世界观可能与西方人完全不同甚至对立。
41．And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. 【解释】：句子的主语是separation，谓语是is deepened。the detective feels是修饰separation的定语从句，介词短语between himself and…也是修饰separation的定语，这两个定语造成了主谓分隔。as引导的句子是方式状语从句；介词短语of citizens, social workers…是mindedness的定语；who引导的定语从句修饰前面的五个名词；that引导的定语从句修饰hope。 【翻译】：警察认为由于人们（市民、社会工作者、医生、立法人员以及法官）头脑简单——比如，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新——使得他们（警察）与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。
42．The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest. 【解释】：主句有两个表语：role和varieties。不可将varieties看成是that引导的定语从句的一部分，这个定语从句修饰role。it may manifest也是定语从句，修饰varieties。 【翻译】：最重要的事实是，传统风俗在影响人们的经验及信仰方面占据统治地位，并展示出极大的多样性。
43．This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient：“How come nobody thought of that before?” 【解释】：本句的定语从句that make life more convenient修饰的不是与其紧靠着的wheels一
词，而是应该再往前找，innovations一词才是此句的定语从句的先行词。 【翻译】：这便说明了我们为什么对一些看上去很简单，但是却给生活带来了更多的方便的发明创造，象塑料袋、带轮子的箱子等等会有这样的反应：“怎么以前就没有人会想到？” 44．It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. 【解释】：在第一句that引导的是主语从句，it是形式主语。在第二句中that引导的是定语从句，修饰ways。 【翻译】：显然事实并非如此。婴儿愿意学能带来成就感的行为，除此而外，并无他求。
45．President Coolidge’s statement, “The business of America is business,” still points to an important truth today—that business institutions have more prestige（威望）in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. 【解释】：引号里面的话是statement的同位语。That引导的同位语从句是truth的同位语。 【翻译】：美国总统柯立芝的名言：“美国的事物几商务”，今天依然表明了一个重要的事实——商务机构在美国社会中依然比其它任何组织，包括政府都具有更大的特权。
46．A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. 【解释】：修饰主语case的that引导的同位语从句因谓语较短，从句较长，故后置，以保持句子均衡。 【翻译】：我们也许可以说，未来的合格公民将不再惧怕计算机。
47．What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained are same. 【解释】：句子的主语是引导的主语从句；本句还有两个并列的表语从句：not so much how和but how much。 【翻译】：玩具史上的显著之处在于：不是历经数百年玩具有多大变化，而是有多大程度保持不变。
48．So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media——not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses. 【解释】：where引导的主语从句作主语，破折号后面的话对两个表语做进一步的解释。 【翻译】：所以我们主要是在政界和媒介听到这种争论——而不是在董事会办公室或是在校园里听到的。
49．A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate（公司的）planning activities, compared to about one-third of U.S. companies. 【解释】：that引导的是宾语从句。从句中分词短语compared to做比较状语。 【翻译】：一项最近的调查表明一半以上的英国公司把公共关系作为其计划活动的一部分，而美国只有三分之一的公司这样做。
50．The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people.
【解释】：of knowing是主语security的定语，that引导的宾语从句是knowing的宾语，这二者造成了本句的主谓分隔。Investment是宾语补足语。 【翻译】：知道财产通过保险保护的安全意识使得购买火灾险成为大部分人的有益投资。
51．Some of my colleagues and I once interviewed and followed approximately 500 terminally ill patients in order to find out what they could teach us and how we could be of more benefit, not just to them but to the members of their families as well. 【解释】：并列主语：colleagues 和 I；并列谓语：interviewed 和 followed；并列宾语从句：what they 和 how we。复合连词结构not just to … but to…as well作目的状语。 【翻译】：我和一些同事曾经追踪采访了大约500多名临终病人，以期发现他们能够教给我们什么，及我们怎样才能不仅对他们，而且对他们的家人带来更大的帮助。 52．Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skill, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.. 【解释】：they challenge their brains with different mental skill是宾语从句，该从句中含有both…and…连接的两个because引导的原因状语从句，that又引出一个宾语从句，最后their brains work是定语从句，修饰way。 【翻译】：Fozard和其他一些人说他们让大脑做不同的工作，这既是因为他们喜欢这样做，也是因为他们相信他们各种各样的活动会帮助大脑工作。 53．Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative（积累的）over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. 【解释】：两个并列的that引导的宾语从句作have pointed out的宾语，分词短语received…是exposures的定语。 【翻译】：负责公共健康的官员们指出，杀虫剂的危害是长期累积的，它对个人的危险取决于此人一生中曾接触过多少杀虫剂。
54．Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. 【解释】：that引导的同位语从句做premise的同位语。 【翻译】：许多作家根据动物世界为生存而进行的斗争中具有适者生存的规律这一点，论证战争是不可避免的。然而一般说来这种斗争是竞争，而不是冲突。
55．What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. 【解释】：本句包含一个主语从句和表语从句，What引导的名词从句一般在翻译成汉语时可以一一对照，不会影响理解。 【翻译】：目前的状况是，每当一种资源似乎要短缺、枯竭的时候，它的价格就会上涨，相应地，人们就会去寻找新的供应来源，想找到办法使用较少的资源或寻找新的替代品。
56．Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. 【解释】：it做形式主语替代后面的主语从句，而not否定状语，虽然放在句首也无需倒装。 【翻译】：还不是很多年前，公众和社会学家就都认为现代社会已经改变了人们的自然关系，减轻了他们对亲戚和邻居的责任，取而代之的是点头之交的表面关系，认为这是显而易见的。
57．"There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. 【解释】：引语是一个并列句，由and连接；分句一中that引导的同位语从句作notion的同位语。 【翻译】：“孩子长到18岁就应该离家独立生活是个荒唐的概念，而且实际情况并非如此”，Wisconsin大学的社会学家Larry Bumpass说。
58．Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". 【解释】：本句是由分号连接的并列句。分句一中that引导的同位语从句作idea的同位语；分句二中that引导的同位语从句也是作idea的同位语。even until very recently是插入语，为主语作补充说明。 【翻译】：我们的先人不知道人口的增长会快于自然资源的增长；他们中的许多人甚至直到最近还认为宝藏是“无穷无尽”的，是“用之不竭”的。
59．It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive（欺骗性的）packaging rumpus（喧嚣）started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. 【解释】：it是形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语。主语从句中套了一个because引导的状语从句，该从句中套了一个that引导的宾语从句，分词短语consumed by…作的定语修饰cereals，介词短语with a…和without any…作宾语从句中的伴随状语。 【翻译】：参议员哈特一家在购买盒装麦片时发现，包装盒变高了，变窄了，食品的分量也减少了，然而价格却分文未降。据说，由此在公众和议会中引发了一场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然大波。
60．It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. 【解释】：本句可以看成是冒号连接的两个分句，分句一中的that引导的主语从句是真正的主语。分句二中，主语有三个并列的谓语：assumes和由either… or…连接的will pause和will terminate；that引导的是宾语从句，作assumes的宾语；until引导的是时间状语从句，修饰will pause。 【翻译】：就在说话人重新进行目光接触时，看着说话人是很重要的：如果不看说话人，说话人可能会以为听话人不感兴趣，要么会停顿下来，直到重新做到目光接触，要么会终止谈
话。
61．Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses. 【解释】：本句是冒号连接的并列句。分句一的主语是how引导的主语从句，由于用的是感叹语气，从句中的表语critical被放在前面，用了倒装。分句二有三个并列的主语：jam，starts，pauses。 【翻译】：当谈话双方戴着墨镜时，双方的目光接触在保持交谈顺利进行方面的重要性就不言而喻了。 62．Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. 【解释】：第一个that引导的是宾语从句，第二个that引导的是定语从句，修饰those。 【翻译】：Laudenslager发现，不能切断电流的老鼠的免疫功能被削弱，低于正常情况，而能切断电流的老鼠却安然无恙。
63．Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe. "the streets would be littered with people lying here and there." 【解释】：that引导的宾语从句含中有一个if引导的条件状语从句和一个as引导的比较状语从句。 【翻译】：Massachusetts-Amherst大学食品营养系的负责人Fergus Clydesdale干脆说，如果被细菌污染的肉食鸡的危险真像人们想得那么大的话，街上就得横七竖八躺满了人了。
64．On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire（追求）to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive. 【解释】：that引导的宾语从句中，句子的主干是：women…do not get on …；两个who引导的定语从句个修饰其前面的women。 【翻译】：然而，另一方面，现在有足够的材料表明，在谋求经理职务时，相貌平平的女性比漂亮女性更有优势。
65．On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. 【解释】：if引导的条件状语从句中，without any learning opportunities前面省略了if a child is left alone。 【翻译】：然而，另一方面，如果对孩子过于放任自流，或不让其有任何学习的机会，孩子就会失去与生俱来的对生活的热情，失去亲自发现新事物的愿望。
66．When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the
auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. 【解释】：主句有两个并列的动词，而when引导的时间状语从句说明其情况，which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰rail，once承前起后，用过去分词短语作状语，主句是and连接的并列句。 【翻译】：当汽车进入高速公路系统时，一个可伸缩的手臂就会垂下来与“a rail”相接触，这种情况就类似于由电控制的地下火车一样。一旦与这个“arail”相联系，汽车就会从系统中获得电力，汽车也将由中央电脑系统控制。
67．should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself. 【解释】：Should you break…等于是if you should you break…,条件状语从句。 【翻译】：假如你违反了在电梯上不要盯着生人看的规矩，你会让人家极不舒服，而且你自己也可能觉得有点不自在。 68．But because the two big cola（可口可乐）companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. 【解释】：because引导一个原因状语从句；how big引导一个宾语从句作谓语have wondered的宾语。 【翻译】：但由于两大可乐饮料公司——可口可乐和百事可乐销售攻势如此咄咄逼人，我们想知道口味偏爱对于品牌的专一究竟起多大作用。
69. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 【解释】：该句主干结构是Behaviorists suggest that the child．．．will experience，其中嵌套了三重定语从句。 【翻译】：行为主义者的看法是：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境长大，而这些刺激物又能培养其作出适当的反应能力，那么他就会有比较高的智力发育水平。
70. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 【解释】： while不仅可以引导时间状语从句，还可以引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”，“尽管”等意思。 【翻译】：虽然有多少个历史学家，就差不多有多少种历史学的定义，但现代历史学家的实践大多趋向于这样一种定义，即历史学是旨在重现和解释过去重大事件的学科。 Conform to : 符合，顺从．Closely：紧紧地；接近地．
71. While this boundary does not mark the outer limit of a State’s territory, since in international law the territorial sea forms part of a State’s territory, it does represent the demarcation between that maritime area ( internal waters) where other States enjoy no general rights, and those maritime areas ( the territorial sea and other zones) where other States do enjoy certain general rights.
【解释】：有四个从句：一个由which引导的让步状语从句，一个由since引导的原因状语从句（让步状语从句的从句），两个定语从句．territory 领土；limit:界限；international law国际法；demarcation分界，区分； 【翻译】：尽管这条分界线并不算是国家领土的外缘边界，但是，因为在国际法中领海也是国家领土的组成部分，它的确是其他国家在其内不享有一般权利的海区（内水域）与其他国家在其内享有某些一般权利的那些海区（领海及其他区域）之间的分界线。
72. He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks. 【解释】：句子的主干是He finds+宾语。其中宾语为从句，由that 引导，一直延伸到句尾。宾语从句的主干结构为students hesitate。宾语从句的主语students有一个定语从句对其进行修饰，这个定语从句包含一个由because引导的原因状语从句（本身也有一个定语从句修饰everything）。宾语从句的谓语hesitate后面跟有一个时间状语从句（省略了they are），而时间状语从句里又有一个由which引导的定语从句,先行词为area. 【翻译】：他发现原来比较容易教的学生现在踌躇不前了：原来比较容易教是因为他们能把教给他们的所有东西都付诸实践；现在踌躇不前是因为他们面对着大量的在基础教科书上所没有接触过的英语词汇和习惯用法。
73. The reader who peruses with some attention the following pages will have occasion to see that both operational and mental aspects of physics have their place, but that neither should be stressed to the exclusion of the other. 【解释】：with some attention是who引导的定语从句中的状语,修饰peruses. the following pages 是peruses的宾语.but后面的that从句也是to see的宾语,用but连接,表示语气上的转折.to the exclusion of 的意思是“把……除外”。在逻辑关系上，该句的who定语从句表示条件，因此翻译时可以把它译成一个条件状语从句。再者，这两个that从句之间有因果关系的意味，因此可以把它们译为因果句。peruse仔细阅读；occasion理由。 【翻译】：读者如果略微仔细的阅读一下几页就会有理由认为，实验操作和思维在物理学中都具有一定的地位，因而不能强调一方而忽略另一方。
74. The public is unhappy about the way society is going, and its view, fueled in part by the media, seems to be that judicial decisions unacceptable to them, regardless of the evidence or the law, will slow or change social directions. 【解释】：这是一个并列句，由and连接。and前面的句子短，后面的句子长而复杂。society is going是way的定语从句，意思是“社会发展的方式”。Its view是the public’s view,其谓语动词是seems。fueled…the media本是view的后置定语，但在意义上可以看作是表示原因的。That引导的句子是be的表语从句。unacceptable to them是形容词短语，修饰judicial decisions。Regardless of …the law是状语。由于这两个短语的插入， that从句中的主语和谓语被分隔了。翻译时尽量使主谓靠拢。 【翻译】：公众对社会发展的前景不乐观，在新闻媒体的某种鼓动下，公众的观点似乎是：不管证据或法律，司法判决对他们来说是不可接受的，这些判决将会延缓或者改变社会走向。
75． Automobiles have been designed which operate on liquid hydrogen, but these systems give rise to seemingly unavoidable problems arising from the handling of a cryogenic liquid.
【解释】：英语的被动句有时可以处理成汉语的无主语句，这里把含有被动结构的第一分句译成汉语的无主语句，使其更符合汉语的习惯。give rise to引起，使发生；cryogenic:低温的。 【翻译】：虽然已经设计出液氢驱动的汽车，但是这些系统带来一些由如何处理低温液体而引发的似乎难以回避的问题。
76． It is designed to make students study, which should be their immediate mission in life. 【解释】：句中含有一个非限定性定语从句，这类从句通常用来提供一些补充信息，与被修饰的对象关系并不像限定性定语从句那样不可或缺，因此可以译为独立于被修饰对象的分句或句子。 【翻译】：这样做是为了促使学生学习，而学习应当是学生生活中迫切的任务。
77． We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. 【解释】：有些定语从句实际上具有状语的作用，在翻译时可根据具体情况译成原因，条件，结果，让步，目的，时间等的状语．本句的定语从句就相当于一个原因状语从句．take in吸入，摄入。 【翻译】：我们知道，（因为）与我们人的眼睛相比，猫的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜里也能看得很清楚．
78. Tom, the book’s protagonist, took issue with a man who doted on his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought “nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children”. 【解释】：主语Tom,谓语took，the book’s protagonist是同位语。Who引导的限定性定语从句，句中有两个并列成分：doted on…和thought…。从句结构复杂，用前置法翻译的话太长且不符合汉语习惯，因此采用后置法翻译“这人…”。
dote on溺爱；think nothing of 把…看成不重要；take issue with与…发生争执。 【翻译】：书中的主人公汤姆与一个人发生了争执.这人虽然爱家中的宠物,但作为一个奴隶贩子,却认为 “拆散夫妻 ,让骨肉分离算不了什么” .
79. We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and empty life. 【解释】：定语从句which work…satisfaction，定语从句that can make …life，从句中套从句，用前置法将上述两个限制性定语从句放在被修饰的词的前面。 【翻译】：我们不了解工作给人们提供的能把充实的生活和空虚的生活区分开来的心理满足程度有多大。
80. Thus, the unity that should characterize the strong system is developed by affording opportunity for diversity, which appears to be essential if education is to develop in consideration of the needs of children and youth. 【解释】：限制性定语从句that should characterize the strong system修饰unity（统一性），用前置法翻译。非限制性定语从句which appears…采用后置法翻译。 【翻译】：因此，强大的教育体系所应具备的统一性这一特点是通过提供各种机会来达到的。如果发展教育要考虑儿童和青年的需要，多种机会就显得至关重要。
81. The sample should preferably be taken from points in the rig where the flow is turbulent so that the contaminant is kept well mixed in the oil. 【解释】：where the flow is turbulent是points的定语从句。In the rig是points 的定语。So that引导的从句表示结果，意思是“因此”。 【翻译】：最好在试验台存在紊流的那些部位获取试样，这样取样的污染物在油中是混合均匀的。
82. Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice. 【解释】：这是一个主从复合句。以that引导的从句作house的定语。In the world house为介词短语作定语，修饰living。To re-establish是ability的定语。To (re)establish的一个常见结构是to (re)establish A in B,意思是把A重新建立在B上。 【翻译】：我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界家庭当中，这种希望存在于我们重新建立人类个性和社会公平方面的生活道德目标的能力之中。
83. From the very day of the capitulation, by which Bismark’s prisoners had signed the surrender of France but reserved to themselves a numerous bodyguard for the express purpose of cowing Paris, Paris stood on the watch. 【解释】：该句的主干是From the very day of the capitulation….. Paris stood on the watch。Prisoner本意是“俘虏”，此处是指当时向俾斯麦的普鲁士政府投降的法国政府。翻译时应按汉语习惯，先把句子主干译出来，再译定语从句，并根据它在句中的逻辑关系，把它译为表原因的分句。 【翻译】：从法国投降那一天起，巴黎就严加戒备，因为屈从于俾斯麦的法国政府签约投降时，保留了一支相当庞大的军事力量，目的是为了威胁恐吓巴黎。
84. When I’m having trouble with a story and think about giving up, or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way my mother did. 【解释】：这是一个主从复合句，从句是两个以when引导的时间状语从句，主句中的word by painful word和just the way mother did都是修饰动词type的。该句的难点有两个：一是形容词painful。我们通常说word by word，意思是一个字一个字的，此处painful,表示打字时非常吃力，翻译时要译为副词。二是just the way mother did,这本来是一个带定语从句的介词短语，但此处省略了介词in。mother did是定语从句，修饰way,前面省略了in which,应是：just in the way in which mother did。 【翻译】：每当我写文章遇到困难想打退堂鼓时，或是自叹不走运时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像妈妈当年那样，一个字一个字吃力地打着。
85. What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical check up just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? 【解释】：该句不能按原句顺序译成一个长疑问句，因为它不符合汉语表达习惯，可采用逆序法将man后面的修饰语都提到主语doctor前面来，并用分译法拆开来译。 【翻译】：举例说吧：一个46岁的男子，在与家人外出度假之前进行常规体格检查。虽然他自我感觉良好，但医生发现他患了某种形式的癌症，不超过6个月就会死去。这时，医生该
怎么对他讲呢？
86. Between midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in which there are billions of people ,all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed world. 【解释】：这是一个主从复合句。主句主语I前面是一个介词短语。When是连词，用来说明between midnight and dawn的。In which…globe是定语从句，修饰world。Numbered和registered是两个过去分词，修饰people,with短语也修饰people.on the whole packed world是定语从句中的状语。 【翻译】：在午夜和黎明之间，每当我不能入睡，一切旧的创伤开始疼痛时，我常常想象未来世界噩梦般的情景，在所有登记入册的亿万人民生活的这个拥挤不堪的世界上，没有一处有一线天才的光芒，独创性的头脑和丰富多彩的个性。
87. To us, a winner is one who respond authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsible, and genuine, both as an individual or as a member of a society. 【解释】：由who引导的定语从句修饰one。By作介词，意思是借助于。四个平行的形容词credible, trustworthy, responsive, genuine一起做动词being的表语。固定用法both…and….意思是既……又……。定语太长，不能译为汉语的偏正结构，可采用分句法和融合法进行翻译。【翻译】：据我们理解，一个成功者既代表个人又是社会的一份子，他的真实表现是可靠，可信，机敏，真诚。
88. Not since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons have they exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today. 【解释】：该句以否定词not接since引导的状语从句开头，发生部分倒装。正常语序是：Since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons, they have not exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today. 【翻译】：自从美国人乘坐棚车穿越大陆以来，他们还没有哪个时期像今天这样起劲的锻炼和节食。
89. This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear. 【解释】：该句中的定语从句out of which grows the hope…为全部倒装。主语the hope of …和其后的定语从句where…较长，因此置于动词grows之后。由于限定性定语从句out of which grows the hope…of society与主句关系密切，所以采用融合法将this is a world…of a society译成一个单句，where引导的定语从句后置译成一个单句。 【翻译】：这是历史上首次出现的一个给人以希望的世界。在这个世界上有希望诞生一个没有贫困，没有恐惧的社会。
90. Today the main economic activities of the family are in the nature of consumption—however productive may be what some of its members do in society. 【解释】： However+形容词+主语+may be…表让步。主语从句what some of its members do in society较长，为保句子平衡，采用倒装。 【翻译】：今天，家庭的主要经济活动是消费性的，尽管家庭中有些成员在社会上所干的可
能是生产性的。
91. Of the intrinsic difference that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English. 【解释】：该句的语序还可以是the chief of the intrinsic difference that separate American from English have their roots in…。those代替上述的the environment and traditions. 【翻译】：美语之所以区别于英语是本质上的差异决定的。而主要差异的根源在于两个不同的社会环境和不同的文化传统。自17世纪以来美国人和英国人在这两方面的差异是很明显的。
92. Especially was this importance impressed on me when I realized how much Hollywood was involved in exporting American life to the world, and how much Broadway with all its theatres meant to the modern world. 【解释】：将especially放在句首，并使主句的主语倒装以达到强调的目的。这里的importance是指“把美国戏剧中有价值的成分提到显著地位上来的重要性”。状语从句中的realize后有两个并列的宾语从句how much Hollywood…the world和how much Broadway…modern drama。英语的状语从句可前置或后置，而汉语的时间状语从句一般前置或按事情发生的先后顺序。 【翻译】：当我认识到好莱坞把多少美国生活介绍到国外，以及百老汇对现代戏剧有多大意义时，我特别深刻地感到其重要性。
93. Lost in the euphoria of success is any thought that—in another place, at another time—it may well be naval air power without the support of any land-based air power that carries the day. 【解释】：Any thought的同位语成分it may well be naval air power …that carries the day较长，故后置。 【翻译】：在另一地点，另一时间，完全有可能由海军空中力量，在没有任何陆基空中力量支援的情况下，赢得胜利，这种想法被胜利的喜悦所淹没。
94. Underlying much of the desire for change, too, was the feeling of many of the world’s newly independent states that they had never had a part in framing traditional doctrine. 【解释】：本句主体是强调倒装，强调underlying much of the desire for change。That引导的从句是the feeling的同位语从句，与the feeling被the feeling的后置定语 of many of the world’s newly independent states 分隔。 【翻译】：此外，渴望对海洋法进行修改的另一个原因是，世界上许多新独立的国家感到，传统的理论观念是在没有他们参加的情况下制定的。
95. Not only was man now able to see with measured precision independently of visibility, but he could now “see” such objects as aircraft at ranges far in excess of those possible even under ideal optical conditions with normal vision. 【解释】：正常语序为：Man now was not only able to see…. 【翻译】：人不仅可以不受视线（能见度）的限制而看得很精确，并且可以“看见”诸如远方的飞机等物体，其距离远远超过用正常的视力并借助于最理想的光学仪器所能达到的。
96. Forgotten is any idea that naval air power is not power unto itself, but part and parcel of naval
power—trained, supported, operated, and commanded by people well-versed in the intricacies of war at sea and war from the sea. 【解释】：Any idea后的同位语从句 that naval air power…较长，为了强调和保持句子平衡，故使用倒装语序． 【翻译】：海军的空中力量不是一支单独的兵力，它是海军力量的重要组成部分，是由对海战中和从海上发起的战争中的那些错综复杂的情况了如指掌的人训练，支援，管理和指挥的，对于这些观点，（他们）早已置之脑后。
97. This I propose to offer, pledging that the larger purposes will bind upon us all as a sacred obligation with a unity of duty hitherto evoked only in time of armed strife. 【解释】：正常语序为I propose to offer this…．为了强调this，主句部分倒装． 【翻译】：我愿意提供这样的领导，保证作为一种神圣的义务，这些更高的目标将对我们所有人都有约束，从而产生只有战时才能激起的共同责任感。
98. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as a mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life. 【解释】：该句是由but连接的两个并列分句。第一个分句的形式主语it代替两个动词不定式短语to appreciate little that……和to long for that……。little表否定，appreciate和long for后跟宾语that和修饰他们的定语从句which we have和which we have not。第二个分句的形式主语it代替that引导的从句that in the world……to life。the gift of sight是指天赐予人的视觉。gift:If someone has a gift for doing something, they have a natural ability for doing it.注意，gift不一定是指出类拔萃的能力，只要是一种天然的能力就行。 【翻译】：或许，不珍惜已拥有的东西而渴望没有的东西，凡人皆如此。但遗憾的是，在这光明的世界里，天赐予人的视觉只被用作一种方便，而不是用作使生活更加完美的手段。
99.Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent. 【解释】：该句的when forced……相当于when they are forced…….“when+分词短语”的结构可放在句首、句中和句尾。在句首和句中时，通常用逗号与其它部分隔开；在句尾时则不必隔开。 【翻译】：研究表明，在其他情况下相当理智的人，不得已置身于等候的长队或人群中时，会做出非理智的举动，甚至会变得狂暴起来。
100.True, not everyone sees me as you saw me or even as I see myself;but deep down inside I have marvelous feeling that comes from being an integrated whole person, not afraid of being just what I am. 【解释】：这是一个省略句，补全应是It is true that……两个as都是连词。deep down inside是but从句中的状语。that comes是feelings的定语从句，不是同位语从句。from being后面有两个表语：an integrated whole person和not afraid of being。just what I am是它前面那个being的表语从句。翻译该句要从that处断开，把that从句译成一个表示原因的从句。 【翻译】：的确，并不是每个人都像你那样看待我，也不像我那样看待我自己，然而在内心深处我有一种美妙的感觉，这是我塑造自己的完整人格，并且毫无顾忌地坚持自我的结果。
本文来源：https://www.wddqxz.cn/3ba268e08aeb172ded630b1c59eef8c75fbf95e1.html
2022-07-10
