英语课文

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1. What questions does the paper address?

Before addressing this question, we need to be aware that research can be of several different types: descriptive research, comparative research and analytical research.

在解决这个问题之前,我们需要知道,研究可以有几种不同的类型:描述性研究,比较研究和分析研究

重点词汇

addressing处理; 演讲; 称呼(address的现在分词); 致函 be aware that意识到 be of固有,导致

several几个的; 专有的; 各自的; 分别的; 一些; 几个,数个

types类型; 类型( type的名词复数 ); 铅字; 文字; 类型的; 打字; 打字( type的第三人称单数 ); 按类型把归类; 成为的典型

descriptive research描述性研究 comparative research比较研究 analytical research分析性研究

Descriptive research often takes place in the early stages of our understanding of a system. We cant formulate hypotheses about how a system works. Typical descriptive approaches in molecular biology, for example, are DNA sequence and DAN microarray approaches. In biochemistry, one could regard x-ray crystallography as a descriptive endeavor.

描述性研究通常发生在我们理解系统的早期阶段。我们无法制定关于系统如何工作的假设。例如,分子生物学中的典型描述性方法是DNA序列和DAN微阵列方法。在生物化学中,人们可以将X射线晶体学视为描述性尝试。

重点词汇

Descriptive research描述性研究

formulate构想出,规划; 确切地阐述; 用公式表示

hypotheses假设; 假说( hypothesis的名词复数 ); 猜想; 猜测 molecular biology分子生物学

for example例如, 譬如; ... 来说 DNA sequence基因序列 microarray微阵列

crystallography晶体学; 结晶学

endeavor尝试,试图; 尽力,竭力; 努力,尽力






Comparative research often takes place when we are asking how general a finding is. Is it specific to my particular organism, or is it broadly applicable? A typical comparative approach would be comparing the sequence of a gene from one organism with that from the other organisms in which that gene is found. One example of this is the observation that the acting genes from humans and budding yeast are 89% identical and 96% similar.

当我们询问一个调查结果的普遍性时,往往会进行比较研究 是特定于我的特定有机体还是广泛适用?一个典型的比较方法是比较一个有机体的基因序列和发现该基因的其他有机体的序列。其中一个例子是观察到来自人类和新芽酵母的代谢基因有89%相同,96相似。

重点词汇

Comparative research比较研究

organism有机体; 生物体; 微生物; 有机体系,有机组织 broadly大体上; 宽广地; 完全地 comparative approach比较研究 with that接着就,随即

organisms生物; 有机体; 有机物( organism的名词复数 ); 有机体系 example of例证;的例子;的榜样 humans人,人类( human的名词复数 ) budding yeast芽殖酵母

identical同一的; 完全同样的,相同的; 恒等的; 同卵的; 完全相同的事物; 同卵双胞

Analytical research generally takes place when we know enough to begin formulating hypotheses about how a system works, about how the parts are interconnected, and what the causal connections are. A typical analytical approach would be to devise two (or more) alternative hypotheses about how a system operates. These hypotheses would all be consistent with current knowledge about the system. Ideally, the approach would devise a set of experiments to distinguish among these hypotheses. A classic example is the Meselson-Stahl experiment.






分析研究通常发生在我们知道足够多的时候来开始假设系统是如何工作的,关于这些部分是如何相互关联的,以及因果关系是什么的。一个典型的分析方法是设计两个(或更多)关于系统运行方式的假设。这些假设都与当前关于系统的知识相一致。理想情况下,该方Meselson-Stahl实验。

重点词汇

Analytical research分析性研究 enough to足以

formulating构想出( formulate的现在分词 ); 规划; 确切地阐述; 用公式表示 hypotheses假设; 假说( hypothesis的名词复数 ); 猜想; 猜测

interconnected互相连接,互相联系( interconnect的过去式和过去分词) causal具有因果关系的,构成原因的 analytical approach分析法

devise设计; 想出; 发明; 策划; 遗赠; 遗赠的财产; 遗赠的条款 be consistent with与。。一致 a set of一套,一伙;






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