语言学考试名词解释

2022-03-20 19:53:27 文档大全网 [ 字体：小中大 ] [ 阅读： ]

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语言学,名词解释,考试
名次解释

Bilingualism: refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. This constitutes the situation of Bilingualism

Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example Man: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE] Context is a basic concept in the study of pragmatics. It is generally considered as constituted knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. It determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.

Creole: when pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole Cross-association: In English we sometimes may come across words which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two often leads to confusion. This aspect of interference is often referred as cross-association

cultural diffusion：Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, this phenomenon is known as cultural diffusion. One typical example of cultural diffusion is the appearance of loan words.

Cultural overlap：Despite the cultural differences, there exist a greater or lesser degree of cultural overlap. It refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.

Diglossia: it was first used by Ferguson, it refers to a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social functions and appropriate for certain situations. 大题区别One is a more standard variety called the high variety (H-variety), the other is a non-prestige variety called the low variety (L-variety).Most bilingual communities have one thing in common, i.e. a fairly clear functional differentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations known as domains.

fossilization: it is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language. Even if learners full access to the universal grammar, it is done through their native language and therefore short of native-like proficiency.

Inter-language: When the second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. The language they produce, which is called inter-language or learner language. It is abstract system of learner’s target language system, it has been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.

linguistic relativity Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave, i.e. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity

Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes or trading, it is a variety of language that is generally used by native of speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.

Prediction analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning. The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its component words, e.g “The dog bites the man” is

semantically different from “The man bites the dog” though their components are the same.

Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “the dog is barking” we must talk about a real dog exist in the situation.

Register: Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.

Sapir-whorf hypothesis: Sapir and Whorf believed that language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-whorf hypothesis (SWH)

Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.

Sociolect: refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. It has to do with separation brought by different social conditions. The social background of people may influence their choice of linguistic forms and language features.

Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the John Austin in the late 1950s. it is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication aiming to answer “what do we do when using the language”

speech community：in sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as members of social groups which is singled out for any special study. For general linguistics, it is defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.

Speech variety: also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. Linguistic features of a speech variety can be found at the lexical, the phonological, the morphological, or the syntactical level of language.

Sentence meaning, when taking a sentence as a grammatical unit, the meaning of a sentence is abstract and context-independent. It is the intrinsic property and literal meaning of the sentence itself in terms of predication.

Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning. It is the realization of the abstract meaning of the sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in the context. The utterance meaning of a sentence is concrete and context-dependent. 填空

1. A speaker may perform 3 acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary 言内act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (literal meaning of an utterance); illocutionary言外 act----n act performed in saying something: in saying X, I was doing Y (the intention of the speaker while speaking). Perlocutionary言后 act----an act performed as a result of saying something: by saying X and doing Y, I did Z.

2. Constatives (叙述句) ---- statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable; Performatives (施为句) sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and unverifiable. 3. Recently with the increasing cultural diffusion has been recognized as a tendency of cultural imperialism owing to linguistic imperialism. Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism

which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the worldwide expansion of one language.

4. Chomsky referred to this innate ability as language acquisition device(LAD), it is an imaginary “black box” exiting somewhere in the human brain. The “black box” is said to contain principles that are universal to all human language.

5. over-extension: it happened when a child takes a property of an object and generalizes it. e.g. at very beginning a young child calls all adults “daddy”. in this case ,”daddy” refers to {+ adult} {+male}. In other words children “over-extend” the meanings of early words. Later the child will acquire the conventional meaning of “daddy”. Here “daddy” refers to {+adult} {+male} {+parent}.

6. Overgeneralization: it is defined as the use of previously available strategies in new situations. e.g. the coffee is too hot, I can’t drink it.=the coffee is too hot to drink (it).

7. individual differences: it includes 1,language aptitude(natural ability for learning), 2,motivation(learner’ attitudes and affective), 3,learning strategies（learners’ conscious, goal-oriented, problem-soving）4,age of acquisition,5, personality.

In motivation, it refers to instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation, intrinsic motivation; learning strategies divides as cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, affect/social strategies.

以上填空是老师说可能出的, 也有点可能出选择之类, 我标出了关键词,应该好找. 名词解释是所有的重点,出大题也可以随机应变,按字母排序的,比较好找.