英语短文

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Knowledge and progress 知识和进步

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a particular

kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest．Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge．

Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech．With the invention of writing, a great advance was made,for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored．Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law,which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing．All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised．Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan．The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent．

Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account．What is

called‘modern civilization’is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life．The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil．It is now being used indifferently for both．Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power,continues.

恨别 杜甫

洛城一别四千里，胡骑长驱五六年。草木变衰行剑外，兵戈阻绝老江边。 思家步月清宵立，忆弟看云白日眠。闻道河阳近乘胜，司徒急为破幽燕。

《恨别》是唐代诗人杜甫上元元年（760）在成都写的一首七言律诗，抒发了杜甫流落他乡的感慨和对故园、骨肉的怀念，表达了杜甫希望早日平定叛乱的爱国思想。全诗情真语挚，沉郁顿挫，扣人心弦。

首联领起“恨别”，点明思家、忧国的题旨。“四千里”，恨离家之远;“五六年”，伤战乱之久。个人的困苦经历，国家的艰难遭遇，都在这些数量词中体现出来。诗人于759年(乾元二年)春告别了故乡洛阳，返回华州司功参军任所，不久弃官客居秦州、同谷，后来到了成都，辗转四千里。诗人写此诗时，距700年(天宝十四年)十一月安史之乱爆发已五六个年头。在这几年中，叛军铁蹄蹂躏中原各地，生灵涂炭，血流成河，这是诗人深为忧虑的事。

颔联两句描述诗人流落蜀中的情况。“草木变衰”，语出宋玉《九辩》中的“萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰”。这里是指草木的盛衰变易，承上句的“五六年”，暗示入蜀已有多年，同时也与下一句的“老”相呼应，暗比诗人自己的飘零憔悴。诗人到成都，多亏亲友帮助，过着比较安定的草堂生活，但思乡恋亲之情是念念不忘的。由于“兵戈阻绝”，他不能重返故土，只好老于锦江之边了。“老江边”的“老”字，悲凉沉郁，寻味不尽。

颈联通过“宵立昼眠，忧而反常”(《杜少陵集详注》)的生活细节描写，曲折地表达了思家忆弟的深情。杜甫有四弟，名为杜颖、杜观、杜丰、杜占，其中杜颖、杜观、杜丰散在各地，只有杜占随杜甫入蜀。此二句中的“思家”、“忆弟”为互文。月夜，思不能寐，忽步忽立;白昼，卧看行云，倦极而眠。诗人这种坐卧不宁的举动，正委婉曲折地表现了怀念亲人的无限情思，突出了题意的“恨别”。沈德潜评论此联说：“若说如何思，如何忆，情事易尽。‘步月’、‘看云’，


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有不言神伤之妙。”(《唐诗别裁集》)这就是说，它不是抽象言情，而是用具体生动的形象说话，让读者自己去体会形象中所蕴含的忧伤之情。手法含蓄巧妙，诗味隽永，富有情致。

尾联回应次句，抒写诗人听到唐军连战皆捷的喜讯，盼望尽快破幽燕、平叛乱的急切心情。760年(上元元年)三月，检校司徒李光弼破安太清于怀州城下;四月，又破史思明于河阳西渚。这就是诗中“乘胜”的史实。当时李光弼又急欲直捣叛军老巢幽燕，以打破相持局面。杜甫盼望国家复兴，他自己亦可还乡，天下可喜可乐之事，没有比这个更好的了。这首诗以充满希望之句作结，感情由悲凉转为欢快，显示了诗人胸怀的开阔。

这首七律用简朴优美的语言叙事抒情，言近旨远，辞浅情深。诗人把个人的遭际和国家的命运结合起来写，每一句都蕴蓄着丰富的内涵，饱和着浓郁的诗情，值得读者反复吟味。

Education教育

Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states ‘invest’ in institutions of learning to get back ‘interest’ in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books----those purchasable wells of wisdom----what would civilization be like without its benefits?

So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births---but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on ‘facts and figures’ and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of ‘college’ imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.

It is the ideal condition of the ‘equal start’ which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no ‘illiterates’----if the term can be applied to peoples without a script----while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of ‘civilized’ nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the ‘happy few’ during the past centuries.

Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no ‘juvenile delinquency’. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to ‘buy’ an education for his child.

梦天 李贺

老兔寒蟾泣天色，云楼半开壁斜白。玉轮轧露湿团光，鸳佩相逢桂香陌。 黄尘清水三山下，变更千年如走马。遥望齐州九点烟，一泓海水杯中泻。

在这首诗中，诗人梦中上天，下望人间，也许是有过这种梦境，也许纯然是浪漫主义的构想。 开头四句，描写梦中上天。第一句“老兔寒蟾泣天色”是说，古代传说，月里住着玉兔和蟾蜍。句中的“老兔寒蟾”指的便是月亮。幽冷的月夜，阴云四合，空中飘洒下来一阵冻雨，仿佛是月里玉兔寒蟾在哭泣似的。第二句“云楼半开壁斜白”是说，雨飘洒了一阵，又停住了，云层裂开，幻成了一座高耸的楼阁；月亮从云缝里穿出来，光芒射在云块上，显出了白色的轮廓，有如屋墙受到月光斜射一样。第三句“玉轮轧露湿团光”是说，下雨以后，水气未散，天空充满了很小的水点子。玉轮似的月亮在水汽上面辗过，

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