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现在完成时态的六个基本点 黄银芝
摘要：本文通过六个基本点来阐述现在完成时的构成、标志、句型等方面，有助于学生掌握它的用法。
关键词：现在完成时；结构；句型；标志
作者简介：黄银芝，任教于陕西省西安市宇航中学。
现在完成时态作为初中教学中的八大时态之一，是比较难以掌握的一种，我们通过以下六个基本点来掌握一下它的用法。 一、现在完成时态的结构
指动作发生在过去，强调对现在的影响和结果，汉语可译为“已经做过”或“做过”。
四种构成：
1.肯定句式：have（has）＋过去分词
例：We have finished our homework． She has gone home．
注意：①该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。②过去分词的构成方法分为两大类：一般情况+ ed，特殊情况需记忆。如写出下列词的过去分词：stop—stopped; eat—eaten。 2.否定句式：haven't（hasn't）＋过去分词 例：We haven't studied Unit 2 yet． The train hasn't stopped．
3.一般疑问句式：现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。
例：Have you read this story book yet？
其肯定回答用“Yes，．．．have（has）．”，否定回答用“No，．．．haven't（hasn't）．”，有时用“No，not yet．”或“No，never．”。 4.特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
常用句型：How long have you done sth? How long 提问for +时间段或since +时间点。
例：He has done his homework for three hours.（向划线部分提问） How long has he done his homework?
注意：现在完成时的特殊疑问句中不可能存在when或where+ have done的结构。
二、 现在完成时态的标志
现在完成时态在我们的语言运用过程中，常会发现句中带有以下四类标志性的副词或副词短语，我们把它称为现在完成时态的标志。
1.never，ever，just，yet，before，already ,ever since then 2.some/many times，once，twice，three….... times
3.so far，recently，lately，these days/weeks/months/years; (in) the last /past few days/months/years
4.for+时间段，since+时间点， how long
例：I have already finished my homework． My father has gone to Shanghai three times.
I have learned about 2000 English words so far. Tom has been dead for two years.
三、当句中有for+时间段，since+时间点，how long 时，要求： have（has） + 过去分词（动词必须是持续性动词） 非持续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用，但我们可以找一个相应的持续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非持续性动词。
四、重点标志for/since；already/yet；ever/never的区别 1.for/since的区别
for后常跟一个时间段，如for three years, for half an hour等。 since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980；也可以接“一段时间+ago”，如: since three years ago, since two months ago等；since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句，如：We have known each other since we went to college.
2.already/yet的区别
already用于肯定句中，可放句首、句中和句尾。yet用于否定句或疑问句中，且常放在句尾。
例: I have already finished my work.（改为否定句和一般疑问句） I haven't finished my work yet. Have you finished you work yet? 3. ever /never的区别
ever意为“曾经”,常用句型Have you ever......? 其否定回答常用never。 例：Have you ever been to Beijing? (否定回答） Never. 五、句型
1.have/has been to 意为“去过.....地方”(已回来) have/has gone to 意为“去......地方了”(还没回来)
注意:①当某地是地点副词时应省略介词to，常见地点副词有 here, there, where, home, abroad 等。
例: I have been to abroad many times. (改错) I have been abroad many times.
②have/has been to, have/has gone to不能与for+时间段、 since +时间点、how long短语共存于同一句子中，因为been to 或gone to 是非持续性动词短语。如果要与一段时间连用,可使用其对应的持续性动词短语。 例: He has been to the USA since two years ago.(改错) He has been in the USA since two years ago. I have gone to this school since I move here.(改错) I have been at this school since I move here. ③ Where is sb? 回答常用gone to s.p
例: Where is David? He has gone to the USA. Where is Tom? He has gone to Shanghai. 2.It is + 一段时间+since+(一般过去时从句) It has been
意为“自从做……已有多久了”
例: It is/has been two years since he joined the army. 注: It was +一段时间+since +过去完成时从句。
本文来源：https://www.wddqxz.cn/1fb4182de2bd960590c6775d.html
2022-12-25
