2020年上海高考概要写作summary writing5(10篇,有解析)

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Exercise 1

A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.

A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.

The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.

The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.

参考答案：


A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点 1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点 2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点 3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点 4)

分析过程： 试题详解 1.核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，共四段。第一段讲的是父亲与孩子当前和今后学业成功与孩子学术潜力的发 展程度这两个因素有着有趣的关系，教育者们正开始对它们进行研究和评价。第二段讲的是该研究表

明父亲参加家长会并陪同郊游的孩子在学校的表现要比父亲不参加这些活动的孩子好。第三段讲的 是研究还表明父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关。最后一段指出，父亲经常夜 不归宿也会对孩子的学业带来不好的影响，除非是因为父亲上夜班。 2.写作思路

找主题句，概括段落大意。找主题句、概括段落大意能帮助学生理清文章脉络，以便找出文章的 要点。第一段的主题句是最后一句“As a matter of fact, ‘life with father，has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school. ”。事实上这也是 本文所提出的观点。第二段的主题句是段落的第一句。该段以近期的一个调查所得出的数据来论述父 亲对孩子学业发展的影响。第三、四段的主题句都是该段第一句。内容仍是调查的另外两个结果。这 两个方面分别用“also suggested”和“further revealed”来表述调查内容。

确定表达要点。本文的概要把第一段的末句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的主要观点，也是文 章的起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确地表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求学生用自己的语 言组织，因此学生需要灵活地表达以对原文的语言进行替换。




范文解析：

范文结合第一、二段的内容，用一句话来表述文章的观点，即要点1。要点2和3是因果关系，是第 三段的内容。再从“revealed, also suggested, further revealed”三词可以看出第三、四段与第二段是并 列关系，同是调查的结果。所以用moreover连接要点4。这样概要的内容全面而且能避免重复。 归纳总结： 语义转换

因为概要写作要求学生用自己的语言组织内容，因此语义转换是概要写作中很重要的一项基本技 能。例如范文中我们将“a very important factor”替换为“played a significant role”。第三段“greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child ” 用 “ children who tended to progress academically were those only children”替换。最后一个要点用“had a bad effect on”来表达夜不归宿的父亲对孩子会有影响这个概念。 要点整合

本说明文的主题句即要说明的一个观点一一父亲对孩子学业成就有影响。支撑句是对这个观点 的分述，即第二、三、四段调查的结果对第一段提出的观点的分述。要点1就是对第一、二段内容的整 合。第三段提到父亲对孩子活动的参与与家中孩子的多少和家庭财务有关，而父亲的参与对孩子学业 有影响，因此将要点2和3用因果关系连接起来。

Exercise 2


Taxes may well be discussed by your parents or government officials, but they are by no means only relevant to adults. You may not know it, but you are also paying them. For example, if you buy a movie ticket, 5 percent of your money goes to the government.

Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product, income, or activity. People around the world have to pay all kinds of taxes. In fact, the government takes taxes out of every paycheck(收人） people receive.

In China, people have to pay income tax if they earn over 3, 500 yuan per month. The government takes taxes out of their paychecks every month. Working people in China can ask for a receipt at local taxation bureaus(税务局）for the income tax they have paid.

Sales taxes are taxes that you have to pay when you buy things at a store. You get an invoice(发票） to prove that you have paid the tax.

Taxes are also part of owning homes or businesses. People who own buildings pay taxes on the land that the buildings occupy. Taxes are taken from gifts and awards, too. If you win the lottery, you pay taxes on what you receive. What is the money used for?

Taxes are used to pay for government expenditures (开支）)Last year, about 85 percent of government income in China came from taxing enterprises and individuals.

The money collected pays for things that benefit everybody in the country. Taxes are used to build roads and pay the salaries of police officers, firefighters, and public school teachers. Last year, the central government spent about 2.3 trillion yuan on education and about 1 trillion on public health care, according to People's Daily.

Your tuition fees in elementary school and junior high school are also paid by the government. In this sense, your education is supported by taxes.


参考答案：

Nearly everyone pays fees to the government for products, incomes or activities. The fees are called taxes.(要点 1) In China people have to pay income taxes，sales taxes，land taxes, and more.(要 点 2) Taxes are used by the government to benefit everybody in the country, including building roads， paying salaries of civil servants，health care and schools.(要点 3) 分析过程 试题详解 核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分十段。第一段引人话题，第二段主要讲税收的概念。第三至五段具体 介绍了税收的各种形式和内容。第六至十段介绍税收的使用情况。 写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段引入话题，第二段的主题句 是“Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product，income, or activity. ”0 第三、四、五段具体 讲述了税收的类型，如“income taxes，sales taxes，home-owning taxes”等，第六段“What is the money used for?”是下面几段的主题段，第七、八、九、十段都是围绕这个话题展开的。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。这篇文章结构清晰，思路明确。只要抓住三个要点就可以全面 并且准确表达本文的概要。要点1，税收的定义，主题句是“Taxes are fees charged by the government for a product，income，or activity.”；要点2,税收的种类，可以概括三、四、五段得出；要点3,税收的具 体使用，从第六段到最后，都涉及了使用。 范文分析




范文把文本开头的导人和税收的定义连接在一起，主要是为了用不同的方式表达税收的定义。范 文的开头用“nearly everyone”概括了文本的第一段“by no means only relevant to...，you may...，but you are also”等内容。要点2用more表示了未点明的其他内容，要点3中的including连接了诸多并列 的内容，这样整篇摘要就显得紧凑。 归纳总结

关注文本中人称的使用

第一段使用了“you, your parents”导人，目的是为了拉近文本与读者的关系，吸引读者继续进行 阅读。 关注文本中的疑问句

本文的第六段是一个疑问句：“What is the money used for?”，在说明性的文章中出现了疑问句，就 很有可能出现它的回答。疑问句的使用，也是为了增加对读者的吸引力。本文的后四段就是在回答这 个问题。

Exercise 3

The language we use affects the decisions we make, according to a new study. People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue.

To study how language affects reasoning, University of Chicago psychologists looked at a well- known phenomenon: people are more likely to avoid risks when an impersonal decision (such as which vaccine to administer to a population) is presented in terms of a potential gain than when


it is given as a potential loss even when the outcomes are almost the same. In the study, native English speakers who had learned Japanese, native Korean speakers who had learned English and native English speakers studying French in Paris all followed the expected prejudice when they were given the question in their native tongue. In their foreign language, however, the prejudice disappeared.

A second set of experiments tested another kind of mind prejudice—we expect a personal loss will be more painful than the same gain will be pleasant, so the benefit of winning must be much larger for us to take a bet (such as gambling with our own money). Again, the foreign language effect happened in two different experiments, one with native Korean speakers and one with native English speakers. The Koreans took more imagined bets in English than Korean, and the native English speakers took more real bets in Spanish than they did in English.

“When people use a foreign language, their decisions tend to show less prejudice. Obviously people are more analytic and more systematic when people think in a foreign language. The reason we find is that the foreign language provides psychological distance,” lead author Boaz Keysar suggests. Mind prejudices are rooted in emotional reactions, and thinking in a foreign language helps us disconnect from these emotions and make decisions in a more economically reasonable way.

参考答案：

Thinking in a foreign language will help people make more logical decisions about finance.(要点 1) Two sets of experiments conducted by psychologists show that people will more probably balance the gain and loss in decisions whether they are related with their own interest or not.(要点 2、3) The reason is that thinking in a foreign language will leave people’s emotion out when they are making up their minds.(要点 4) 分析过程：


1，核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分四段。第一段主要介绍用外语思考能够让人们做出更加理智的决定， 尤其是与金钱相关的决定。第二段讲心理学家研究了一个现象：当人们在做一个与个人无关的决定时， 如果测试题是以潜在的获益而不是潜在的损失来陈述，人们更倾向于选择规避风险，尽管最终结果损 益程度相当。但是如果用他们所学的外语提问，则偏见消失。第三段介绍了第二个实验——人们对个 人损失感觉到痛苦的程度要高于因个人获益而感受到快乐的程度。因此，获益必须相当大，我们才会去 冒险。当用非母语提问时，受试者会投下更多的赌注。第四段对以上的现象进行了解释，认为用外语思 维会帮助我们脱离情绪的羁绊，让我们以经济上更为理智的方式做出决定。 2，写作思路

理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。该文第一段的主题句是“People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue. ”。这也是整篇文章的主题。第二段和第三段分别是两个实验，揭示了两个偏见，而当人们用外语进行思考时，这个两个偏见就消失了这两段是对第一段的支撑。第四段是以心理学家的话开头，从本质上解释原因。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为要表达的要点可以确保不遗漏要点。 从本文的结构来看，第一段是全文的主要内容，其余三段分别阐释理由，所以是一个“总一分一分一分” 的结构。 范文解析

范文把文本第一段的要点的句子结构从people开头改成了“thinking in a foreign language”开头， 突出了本文的主题词。范文把第2、3两个要点进行了合并，通过一个句子来表达。因为从内容上来说， 它们是并列的两个实验，虽然它们侧重点有所差异，分别是侧重对自己的利益无关和相关的风险，用一 个句子“whether... or...”完全能够完整表达这个意思，


并且句子结构简洁，不拖泥带水。要点4用“the reason is that...”的句子结构来表达，既呼应了上文，又使句子结构紧凑。 归纳总结：

分析句子结构，提炼句子主干

要用60词左右来概括一篇350词左右的文章，就需要找出段落的主题句并分析主要内容，然后分 析句子结构，提炼句子主干，去除次要内容。本文的特点之一就是句子长、长句多，这就更需要抓主干、 除细节。如第一段中的主要句子是：“People who participated in the study made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language that they had learned in a classroom setting than when they were asked in a native tongue•”这个句子中有两个定语从句，“who participated in the study”和“that they had learned in a classroom setting”，在理解的时候，先暂时忽略 它们，这样剩下的句子就容易理解得多了：“People made more reasonable decisions when money-related choices were given in a foreign language than when they were asked in a native tongue.” 语义转换

本范文要点 1 中“reasonable decisions”换成“logical decisions”，不但因为 reasonable 与 logical 同 义，而且从要点4中可以看出用外语思考隔离了情感的影响，所以用logical就非常合适。

Exercise 4

Explosions. Radiation. Evacuations(疏散).）.More than 30 years after Three Mile Island, the unfolding crisis in Japan has brought back some of the worst nightmares surrounding nuclear power--- and restarted a major debate over the merits and the drawbacks of this energy source. It seems that the nuclear energy is either a huge disaster waiting to happen or the all-powerful way of the future.


It is often believed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society with a huge demand for commercial product of all kinds. Besides, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase assumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe nuclear energy provides an endless and economical source of power and that it is, therefore fundamental for an industrially developing society. Among other advantages is that nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff.

However, opponents(反对者)）of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct danger not only to the environment but also to civil liberties. Environmentalists argue in the long run nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Furthermore, it is questionable whether nuclear power is a cheap source of energy when everything is considered. There have, for example， been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia. In spite of the case against nuclear energy above, nuclear energy programmes are expanding, which assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the argument in both sides, it seems that there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.

参考答案：

Opinions are divided into two groups over the usage of nuclear power in the future.(要点 1) One believes nuclear energy is essential to our life because it causes no waste and saves financial cost and workforce.(要点 2) The other considers it a danger as it does harm to the surroundings as well as humans，and may not be cheap in the long run.(要点 3) Despite its rapid development，nuclear power should be replaced by a better one in future.(要点 4) 分析过程：


、试题详解 1.核心内容

本文是一篇议论文，全文共分四段。第一段通过引人发生在美国三里岛核事故提出论点：核能使用 到底是灾难还是福音？第二段呈现支持者的观点和理由，他们认为核能是未来生活不可缺少的能源，原 因有三：经济，清洁，省力。第三段呈现反对者的观点及理由，他们认为核能会给环境以及人类带来巨大 的危险，此外它是否经济有待考证。第四段先描述了核能项目不断发展的现象，然后转折，质疑核能发 展的可能性。文章最后提出观点，即应该存在比它更经济环保的能源，也就是提出作者的观点：核能不 是未来理想的能源。 2.写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。了解文章的体裁对理清脉络、概括大意很有帮助。这篇文章是 议论文，那么应该抓住论点、论据和论证。该文第一段的关键表达是“a major debate over...”和“It seems that the nuclear energy is either a... disaster or the all-powerful way...”，明确论点是对于核能是 好是坏两种观点的争辩。第二段第一句表明支持者的观点，通过“Among other advantages is that...”和 “A further advantage is that...”可明了三个论据。第三段首句表明反对者的观点，通过furthermore知 道这里给出了两个论据。第四段通过however以及最后一句“it seems that there are…other than”明确 作者的反对观点。

(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。首先根据文章的体裁、结构和大意确定文章的要点，然后根据文 章要点中的关键词思考要点的表达。要点的概括需要理清语句之间的关系，然后进行筛选与整合。例 如这篇文章中第一段总共三句话，第一句是引子，第二句写了三里岛核事故重新引发了关于核能好坏 的争论，第三句明确争论的核心为“核能是灾难还是巨大的资源？”。根据三句话的关系，可以将第二句 和第三句整合成要点1:人们关于核能使用有两种不同的观点。第二段和第三段根据衔接词确定要点2 和要点3的表达结构为“观点+理由”。第四段,第一句描写核能迅速发展的现象;第二句转折，质疑其 发展是否能继续；第三句提出明确的观点，因此整合为要点4“尽管核能发展迅速，但我们还是应该寻找 更好的替代物”。 范文解析


范文中要点1抓住原文中的debate和“either...or...”，使用了概括化的手段（opinions are divided) 提出文章的论点。要点2和要点3根据两段相似的结构用了相似的句式即“观点+理由”，分别用 because和as连接。两句话分别用“One...” “The other...”开头，与第一句中的two相关。理由的表达 主要通过概括核心词汇的方式，使其更简洁明了。要点4用despite —词将原文中的however连接的句 子用名词来概括，更显精练。 提炼归纳 1.语义转换

语义转换可以体现在句型转换、谓语表达结构转换、同义近义词转换等方面。本范文中我们将“a debate over...”表达为“opinions are divided into two groups over...”；将“nuclear energy is something we cannot do without”表达为“nuclear energy is essential to our life”；将“economical source of power, clean, can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff”表达为“it causes no waste，saves financial cost and workforce”。 2.要点提炼

要点提炼通常采用自上而下、从大到小的顺序。先了解整篇文章的脉络和大意，这需要按顺序概括 每一段的大意。然后具体到每一段，了解段落的脉络和大意，句意的获取需要提取句子的主干，分清句 子的成分，在这个过程中将核心信息抽丝剥茧地挑选出来。另外，要特别关注衔接词，它可以帮助我们 迅速理清句子之间或段落之间的关系。例如本文第2段和第3段中的“Among other advantages is that...，A further advantage is that..., Furthermore”这些表达让我们快速了解第2段有三个论点，第三 段有两个论点。

Exercise 5

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism(批评)）. Because they have so much money to throw around. “It’s unfair，.” their critics say, “that this entirely unproductive industry should absorb millions of pounds each year. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays...”


Poor consumers would have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods comes largely from the advertisements we read.

Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway regulations while waiting for a train? A cheerful advertisement makes such a difference to a dull wall or a newspaper full of the daily amount of great disasters.

We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not survive without this source of income. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.

Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads” in every newspaper and magazine. What an extremely useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns! For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in a column but so far the most fascinating section is the personal or “agony” column (读者来信专栏）). No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature.

参考答案：

Some people think that advertisements are a waste of money,(要点 1) but they ignore the fact that they also have positive functions. Advertisements can help people know more information about the goods(要点 2) as well as kill the time when people are waiting.(要点 3) Besides，people can save money with the help of advertisements.(要点 4) Moreover, some

advertisements and columns in the newspaper can provide people with the information they need and entertain people.(要点 5)


分析过程： 试题详解 1，核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。该文第一段讲了评论家认为广告使商品价格上涨，加重了消费 者的负担。第二段表述了广告的作用并不仅仅是卖物品，它还能使人们了解更多的产品信息。第三段 讲述了在日常生活中阅读广告还是给我们带来了一些乐趣。第四段则进一步说明广告给消费者带来 了经济上的影响。第五段则表明报纸上的分类广告和专栏也给读者提供了有用的信息。 2，写作思路

理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过 找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段的主题句是“Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism. ”0 第二段通过一个 but 使话锋一转，引出了作者真正要陈述的广告的优点，即它能使消费者了解更多的产品信息。四、五两段 则阐述了广告的其他两个优点。两段之间用“Another thing we mustn’t forget is the ‘small ads’”连接D

确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，因此，梳理每个段落可 以确保不漏要点。第一段中的第二句是主题句，即一些人对于广告的消极观点——浪费钱。第二段话 锋一转用but引出了作者真正想要表达的广告的优点，“ Another equally important function is to inform”就是要点2。我们可以将inform表达为“help people know information”。要点3则需整合第 三段的内容得出广告可以帮助人们打发时间。第四段的第一句就是要点4。“makes a positive contribution to our pockets”就可以表述为“save money”。要点5的重点应该落“small ads”的功能上。



3，范文解析

要点1与其他4个要点之间是转折关系，因此用but连接。要点2至5都是关于广告的积极作用， 所以可以用“positive functions”概括。因相关要点之间是并列关系，可以用“as well as, besides”及 moreover来衔接句子。


4， 提炼归纳 1.列出原文要点

分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意结构顺序，在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。比如说第一段的关键词就是criticism，第二段的关键信息就是“another equally important function”。 2.紧扣要点

摘要应包含原文中的主要事实（main facts)，略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details)。如第一段中 “不做广告就可以降低商品的价格”这一细节就可以略去。

Exercise 6

The technology is great. Without it we wouldn’t have been able to put a man on the moon, explore the ocean’s depths or eat microwave sausages. Computers have revolutionized our lives and they have the power to educate and pass on knowledge. But sometimes this power can create more problems than it solves.

Every doctor has had to try their best to calm down patients who've come into their surgery waving an Internet print-out, convinced that they have some rare incurable disease, say, throat cancer. The truth is usually far more ordinary, though: they don’t have throat cancer，, and it’s just that their throats are swollen. Being a graduate of the Internet “school” of medicine does not guarantee accurate self- health-checks.

One day Mrs. Almond came to my hospital after feeling faint at work. While I took her blood sample and tried to find out what was wrong ，she said calmly, ，“I know what’s wrong; I’ve got throat cancer. I know there’s nothing you doctors can do about it and I’ve just got to wait until the day comes. ”


As a matter of routine I ordered a chest X-ray. I looked at it and the blood results an hour later. Something wasn’t right. “Did your local doctor do an X-ray?” I asked. “Oh，, I haven’t been to the doctor for years，,” she replied. “I read about it on a website and the symptoms fitted, ，so I knew that’s what I had. ”

However, some of her symptoms, like the severe cough and weight loss, didn’t fit with it —but she’d just ignored this.

I looked at the X-ray again，, and more tests confirmed it wasn’t the cancer but tuberculosis (肺结核）---something that most certainly did need treating, and could be deadly. She was lucky we caught it when we did.

Mrs. Almond went pale when I explained she would have to be on treatment for the next six months to ensure that she was fully recovered.

参考范文：

Technology is wonderful but it can cause problems.(要点 1) Each doctor has to convince his patients that the diagnoses from the Internet are not reliable.(要点 2) One day a patient called Mrs. Almond thought she had throat cancer after self-health-checks on the website.(要点 3) But in hospital more tests proved it was tuberculosis，which can be cured.(要点 4) 分析过程：

试题详解

核心内容

本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇介绍了科技可以改变生活，也能制造出更多的麻烦。文中指出了一 些病人通过网络高科技诊断自己得了不治之症，医生须尽力想方设法解释。文章接着讲述一个病人自 认为得了喉癌，而“我”通过医疗诊断让其相信病症是肺结核而不是喉癌的事实，说明网络科技给病人和 “我”带来的麻烦。 写作思路


理清文章脉络是写摘要的基础。第一段最后一句表明观点：“But sometimes this power can create more problems than it rolves.(高科技能制造出更多的麻烦）”。阅读时注意转折词but。第二段是对第 一段主题句的解释和进一步的阐述，指出网络科技给病人带来的自我诊断是不准确的。第三至七段中 作者通过具体事例来证明自己的观点。 范文解析

理清文章脉络并通过关键词、句概括段落大意是写摘要的基础。第一部分（第一段）关键词有 “technology，great，create more problems”，关键句为本段第一句和最后一句。段落大意为：科技是伟 大的，但有时也会带来麻烦。第二部分(第二段）需要综合理解本段三个句子的内容，然后用自己的话 来概括。本段第一个句子较长，是学生理解的难点。第三部分（第三至七段）关键词有“throat cancer， website，symptoms，tuberculosis，recover”等，关键句为第四段最后一句及倒数第二段第一句。段落大 意为：病人Mrs. Almond依靠网络自我诊断为喉癌，而医生确诊后判断她的病是肺结核。 四、提炼归纳 1.转换同义句

要点1，将原文中great替换为wonderful,将create替换为cause。要点2,在理解原文的基础上，进 行灵活表达。将原文中“try their best to calm down patients who...”根据语境替换为“convince sb that...(使某人相信 )”；将原文中“an Internet print-out”根据语境替换为diagnoses;将原文中“does not guarantee accurate...”替换为“...are not reliable”。要点3,将关键句与关键词进行整合，并概括段落 大意。整合和概括时,要注意一些词的用法。如fit是不及物动词，若加宾语，须加上介词，“fit with”意 为“符合”。

Exercise 7


Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Edward Deci. He thinks the reason is that organizations try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes. ”

But the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, Deci asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. He found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid. The study suggests that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes”（贿赂)）leads to low-quality work in the long run.

Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure—wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, ，Kohn says. “It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, ，the more their inner drive tends to decline.”

A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. What’s more ，the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.

参考答案：

Offering cash rewards can actually bring about worse performance.(要点 1) Firstly, most reward systems are of poor design and contribute to dishonest behavior.(要点2) More importantly, it encourages people to do the job for the reward instead of the pleasure from the job itself.(要点 3)


Therefore, though it may help short-term productivity,(要点 4) financial encouragement will result in less creativity, cooperation and responsibility in the long run.(要点 5)

分析过程： 核心内容

本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段引人话题——对工作行为进行奖励实际上对工作行为 是有害的，奖励越多行为越差。第二段作者引述Deci教授的话说明两点：一是大多数的奖金系统设置 过于简单;二是奖金鼓励欺骗。第三段通过介绍Deci的实验结果说明提供奖金不仅仅有上述两个弊 端，更重要的是它阻碍了学生或员工去体验行为本身带来的乐趣的积极性。第四段进一步指出有些人深信奖金的魅力主要原因在于没有区分内驱和外压——奖金在某种程度上给人外在的刺激，却削弱了 人的内驱力。第五段总结奖金制度在短期内将可能促进良好的行为，但长期而言会降低人的创造力、合 作性、责任心等。

.写作思路

(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段提出全文的起点即奖金于行为有害。第二段和第三段是 对原因的分析，第四段则是对第三段原因的进一步解释，因此可以把三、四两段的内容合并为一句。第 五段是总结，呼应第一段，主要描述奖金制度带来的危害。 (2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段提出了全文的中心话题奖金bonus,即下文的“‘do this and get that’ approach’’。我们可以用不同的形式来进行表达，如“pay for performance”、“offering cash rewards”和“financial encouragement”等。第二段两个要点“poorly designed”和“encourage cheating”中 的第二个短语可以用“contribute to dishonest behavior”进行同义替换。第三段的要点需要对原文进行 概括表达。第五段作为要点5也需要对原文进行整合和概括，用though来连接两个平行结构。

范文解析


范文用“offering cash rewards”来表达核心话题奖金bonus,要点1即全文第一段的主要内容。要 点2和要点3是对要点1的原因分析，两者属于并列关系，用Hrstly和“more importantly”来连接，概括 了第二段和第三段的中心内容。要点4和5是对第五段的概括，也是对上文的总结，用therefore引出， 其中段落五里面包含的两层意思用though进行连接，表达了奖金的作用“ promote short-term productivity”和主要弊端“result in less creativity, cooperation and responsibility”。 归纳总结： 1.语义转换

本范文中我们将中心话题bonus用“offering cash rewards”和“financial encouragement”进行替换 表达。本文中的“bonus projects”和 cheating 我们用“reward systems”和“dishonest behavior”进行转换。 原文中的“become less creative，cooperate less”可以用其名词形式“less creativity, cooperation”来替 换，以避免重复。 2.要点整合

本文中第三段说明奖金阻碍了学生或员工去体验行为本身带来的乐趣的积极性，第四段进一步指 出其原因在于人专注于获得奖金而削弱了内驱力，范文在表达时对这两点进行了整合。第五段用 though 将奖金的利弊进行了整合，“promote short-term productivity”是其利，“result in less creativity， cooperation and responsibility”]是其弊。

Exercise 8



Studies have shown that children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls. Children with higher socioeconomic roots seem better prepared and perform better on school tests.


Now, American researchers may have found a biological reason for that difference. They found differences in the brains of students who had low standardized test scores. Their brains had less gray matter and their temporal lobes(颞叶)developed more slowly than the other children. The findings were reported in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. Temporal lobes and gray matter are very important brain areas, says researcher Barbara Wolfe. “The brain areas are critical in the sense that they keep developing until individuals are well into their adolescence or early 20s, and critical in the sense that they are important for executive function,” she said.

Researchers studied brain images of nearly 400 children and young adults. The youngest subjects were four years old. The oldest were 22. Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results. On average, young people from poor families had test scores between 3 and 4 points below what is expected for their age group. The poorest students scored between 8—10 points below the developmental norm.

Ms. Wolfe says there are several reasons why poorer students often have lower scores. One reason could be poor children do not get the food they need for healthy development. Poor parents are less likely to stimulate their children’s brains through talk, play, and activities. Ms. Wolfe also blames the “stress that parents face in trying to deal with poverty, putting food on the table”. The researchers say that up to 20 percent of the achievement gap, or difference in test performance, could be tied to poverty.

Ms. Wolfe suggests early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty. Reaching out to children when they are very young could help raise their test scores and academic performance when they are older.

参考范文：

Recently, a study reveals the link between a child’s socioeconomic background and his academic behavior,(要点 3) that is，poorer students usually have lower scores than those from richer


families. (要点 1) Less gray matter in their brain may contribute to their learning disability.（要点 2) Besides， family pressure，food shortage and lack of stimulus also account for it.(要点 4) Fortunately，it is proposed that early action is likely to promote the brain development of those poor students.(要点 5) 分析过程 核心内容

这是一篇说明文,全文共分五段。第一段提出本文的主题:据研究，贫困家庭的孩子比家庭经济条 件好的孩子学业表现差。第二段介绍了导致这一差异的生理原因。第三段通过具体研究数字证明论点 的可信度。第四段提出了穷学生分数低的其他几个原因。第五段是研究者对此提出的建议，即通过早 期行动改善贫困儿童的大脑发育。 写作思路

寻找隐藏信息。我们以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来寻找文章隐藏的信息，并概括大 意。通过分析，我们可以发现第一段的主题句是“children from poor families have more difficulty in school than other boys and girls”；第二段的主题句是 “American researchers may have found a biological reason for that difference”；第三段的主题句是“Researchers looked for a connection between the person’s socioeconomic status and his or her test results”；第四段的主题句是“There are several reasons why poorer students often have lower scores”；第五段的主题句是“Early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty”。 锤炼语言表达。本文的摘要把全文的第一句作为要点，因为它是全文的中心，也是全文的逻辑 起点。但是我们需要对其进行同义替换。如我们可以把“more...than...”替换为“less…than...; not as... as...”等。要点2在于把造成这一差异的生理原因（biological reason)说清楚，因此我们需要进行准确的 概括。要点3用实验中的具体数据值佐证作者观点的真实性。因此，要点1和3具有相关性，我们可以 通过调整顺序使缩写更具逻辑性。要点4讲述的是造成学习差异的家庭原因，由于要点2也是造成学 习差异的原因，我们需


要把要点2、4进行整合。要点5是专家提出的可行性建议，可用“propose， advise”等词替换原文中的suggest。

范文解析：

范文中用 background 替换了 status, link 替换了 connection，“poor students”替换了 “children living in poverty”。要点1、3陈述事实，要点1是要点3的进一步解释，因此用“that is”作为连接。要点 2、4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因，要点2是生理原因，要点4是家庭原因，中间用besides连接，表示补充 说明。要点5是建议，用fortunately表示这是一个好消息。五个要点以事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重 新组合，使之结构清晰、简洁明了。

归纳总结：

重视语义表述的多样性

要实现语义表述的多样性，我们就需要使用同义替换、语义转换或语义压缩等方式。例如，语义转 换即包括简单的同义词转换，如用connection替换了 link,把stress改为pressure等。语义转换也包括 对结构的转换，如“early action may improve the brain development of children living in poverty”还可 转换为“the brain development of those who suffer from poverty is likely to be realized through early action”等。这样做可以避免重复原文内容，使语言表达更加多样化。 确保表述的内在的逻辑性

范文中，没有根据文章原有顺序进行缩写，而是根据其内在的联系进行了要点整合。根据原文，要 点1和要点3都是陈述事实，因此把这两点整合在一起。要点2和要点4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因， 因此也进行了整合。通过调整顺序和结构，使得范文按照事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重新组合，从而达 到了结构清晰、语言简洁的效果。




Exercise 9

One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. “One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions mother tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states,” said NeVille Alexander, ，Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.

In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 “Toubon” law in France, ，but the idea has been copied in many countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty of controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.

It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but that has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academie Francaise in France.

The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon— especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields.


Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields to defend.

参考范文：

Under the multi-lingual background, it concerns many countries that the unfavorable position of their native languages may bring about negative consequences.(要点 1) To preserve their identities, some have restricted the use of foreign languages in public places by law.(要点 2) However, the protection effort is beyond native English speakers5 understanding.(要点 3) Actually, it does have a point since many aspects of western Europeans5 national cultures are threatened by the wide use of English（要点4)

分析过程： 试题详解 1.核心内容

本文是一篇议论文，全文共四段。第一段阐述世界全球化导致很多国家的本族文化、语言受到冲击和影响。第二段提到，针对英语的传播及多语言趋势所造成的影响，很多国家通过颁布法规来限制外语 的使用，但效果不佳。第三段指出，这些法规让英语母语者很难理解。第四段再一次点明，西欧很多国 家的本族文化、语言确实受到英语的冲击和威胁。 2.写作思路

理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段首句“One of the main challenges... is how to maintain…trend.M为段落主题句，同时也是全文的中心句。第二段首句“In response to…， many countries have introduced... last decade.”为段落主题句。第三段主题句为首句“It is especially difficult... of a language by law.’’。第四段没有明显主题句，


段落大意可归纳为“Besides the language, other fields of western Europeans also need to be defended against threat.

确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。要点i简要概述第一段内容，sr在多语言背景下，很多国家担 忧他们的本族语因其不利地位而带来一些消极负面的影响”。要点2是对第二段的归纳，gr为了保护 本族语的特性，很多国家颁布法规，来限制外语的使用”。要点3是对第三段的概括，即“以英语为母语 的人们无法理解政府为何要颁布这些法规”。要点3和要点2之间是转折关系，可以用表转折的连词衔 接。要点4是对第四段大意的提炼，原文的“除了语言，其他很多领域也应该做好防备工作”可理解为 “其他领域也正遭受威胁”；同时，要点4承接着要点3,尽管这些法规不被英语母语者理解，可事实上它 们的存在是有一定意义的，故可用原因状语从句概括连接。

范文解析：

要点1用主语从句简要概括很多国家的困扰，用“under the multi-lingual background”替换原文的 “in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend’’，并用“the unfavorable position”表 明各个国家的本族语都处于劣势地位。要点2通过目的状语“To preserve...”将要点1自然过渡到要点 2,用restricted替换原文的banned。要点3和要点2之间是转折关系，所以用however连接。另夕卜，通 过变换主语，将原文的“difficult... to understand”替换成“beyond…understanding”。要点 4 以 actually 一词承接要点3中英语母语者对制定法规这一举措的不理解，同时归纳提炼出最后一段的大意，即“事 实上制定这些法规还是有必要的”。 归纳总结： 1，语义转换：

本文话题是世界全球化导致很多国家的本族语言、文化受到冲击和影响。相关话题词汇及表达的 拓展和积累：Globalization is a process of linking up with people from varies countries，cultures, communications and businesses into one global melting pot./Globalization is not easily defined. For some, it is a positive process leading to shared social values worldwide. For others,


the term has a negative meaning, and critics see it as marginalizing less dominant cultures, particularly those in the developing world./Another criticism is that Western nations, particularly the United States, impose cultural values on others through media and popular culture.

2，要点整合

本范文用主语从句“it concerns many countries that. ••”、目的状语“to preserve…”、转折连词 however、原因状语“since...”等，使句子结构更加紧凑,行文表达更加流畅。

Exercise 10



Passenger pigeons (旅鸽）once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours.

It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.

Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.

By the closing decades of the 19th century, the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by American’s need for wood, which scattered(驱散）the flocks and forced


the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.

In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.

参考范文：

There used to be an overwhelming number of passenger pigeons in the U.S.，（要点 1) their peak population perhaps larger than that of any other bird species worldwide.(要点 2) Unfortunately，years of over hunting and loss of habitats led to a sharp drop in the number of passenger pigeons.(要点 3) Though the Michigan government attempted to ban the killing by law, none of them escaped the fate of extinction.(要点 4) 分析过程： 一、试题详解 核心内容

本文是一篇说明文，全文共五段。第一段主要讲述美国旅鸽曾经数量惊人。第二段用具体数据进 一步说明旅鸽数量之多，一度甚至可能是世界上数量最多的鸟类。第三段和第四段分析了导致旅鸽数 量急剧减少的两个重要原因一过度捕杀和栖息地被破坏。第五段指出，尽管政府通过法律手段试图 保护旅鸽，最终它们还是灭绝了。 写作思路

理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，可以通过找主题 句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。第一段首句“Passenger pigeons once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.”为段落主题句。第


二段首句“It was calculated that... the most abundant bird in the world. ”为段落主题句。第三段围绕关键词kill展开，段落大意可 归纳为“ Passenger pigeons were killed without mercy. ”。第四段的段落大意可简单归纳为“ The hardwood forests where passenger pigeons had been damaged. ”。第五段中，通过整合关键词“law, died out”，可归纳出段落大意“Although a law was passed to prohibit the killing of passenger pigeons, they died out. ”。

确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。将每段的段落大意都作为表达的要点可以确保不遗漏。第一段 描述美国的旅鸽一度数量惊人，为要点1。要点2既是对第二段段落主题句的提炼，也是对要点1的补 充说明。要点3可以覆盖第三段和第四段中关于旅鸽数量急剧减少的两个原因，即“过度捕杀”和“栖息 地被破坏'要点4为第五段内容的归纳概括。

范文解析：

要点1中，“used to”和“an overwhelming number”准确表达出美国旅鹤一度数量惊人；要点2用独 立主格结构对旅鹤数量作进一步说明，并用“peak population”替换原文的“its population reached its highest point”，使得句式紧凑，内容完整。要点3用unfortunately引出旅鸽数量的急剧下降，同时用两 个名词短语“years of over hunting”和“loss of habitats”概括出数量下降的两个原因。要点4是对第五 段内容的提炼，即“虽然密歇根政府颁布了禁止捕杀旅鸽的法规，但是旅鸽还是难逃灭绝的厄运”。因句 子内部是转折关系，故用though来连接。

归纳总结： 1，语义转换

本文话题是旅鸽的灭绝以及原因。相关话题词汇及表达的拓展和积累：The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon is an extinct species of pigeon./The pigeon migrated in enormous flocks, constantly searching for food, shelter, and breeding grounds, and was once the most abundant bird in North America, numbering around 3 to 5 billion at the height of its population./Passenger pigeons were hunted by Native Americans. Simultaneously, deforestation was practiced on a large scale, which led to habitat loss.


2，要点整合

在本范文中，独立主格“their peak population perhaps larger.••”、副词 unfortunately、转折连词 though等的使用，使句子结构更加紧凑，行文表达更加流畅。

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